CO2激光喉显微手术与电子喉镜手术治疗声带息肉效果比较

目的：比较支撑喉镜下CO2激光显微手术与电子喉镜下手术治疗声带息肉的临床疗效。方法选取2014年1月至2015年1月芜湖市第二人民医院收治的144例声带息肉行支撑喉镜下CO2激光显微手术患者(激光组)及同期门诊75例电子喉镜下手术的声带息肉患者(喉镜组),比较分析两组患者的临床治疗效果。结果激光组显效120例,有效19例,无效5例,总有效率为96．52%;喉镜组治愈60例,有效12例,无效3例,总有效率为96．00%。两组总有效率比较,差异无统计学意义( P>0．05)。结论声带息肉的手术方式应根据患者的自愿、声带息肉的基底部以及声门暴露情况选择不同的手术。     

榄香烯口服乳联合TP方案在食管癌中的疗效观察

目的：探讨榄香烯口服乳联合TP方案在食管癌的疗效和毒副作用。方法选择110例进展期食管癌患者,分为治疗组（榄香烯口服乳+TP方案）和对照组（TP方案）,21 d为1个化疗周期,榄香烯口服乳连服6周为1个疗程,化疗2个周期后进行疗效、生活质量和副作用的评价,并随访生存期。结果治疗组和对照组的有效率分别为90.9%和74.5%,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗组和对照组的中位生存期分别为9.7个月和7.3个月（P<0.05）;主要不良反应和Karnofsky评分的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论榄香烯口服乳联合TP方案对进展期食管癌具有较好疗效,且毒副作用较少。     

肺原发性浆细胞瘤1例报告并文献复习

目的 提高对原发性肺浆细胞瘤的认识。方法 对1例临床确诊为原发性肺浆细胞瘤患者的临床资料进行分析,通过Pubmed检索2000-2014年所发表相关文献,结合文献复习。结果 原发性肺浆细胞瘤是一种极为罕见的肺部肿瘤,属于髓外浆细胞瘤的范畴。患者多缺乏临床症状,影像学上表现为肺内单发或多发结节影,缺乏特异性,容易误诊。其诊断主要依赖肺部肿块的病理活检,并应排除骨髓原发病灶。对于局限性的病灶可采取手术治疗或放疗,多发病灶可采取化疗。结论 对于此类表现为肺部结节、肿块影的病例应当尽早进行穿刺活检以获取病理诊断,以免误诊误治。     

Effects of Moderate Hyperventilation on Jugular Bulb Gases under Propofol or Isoflurane Anesthesia during Supratentorial Craniotomy

Background:

The optimal ventilated status under total intravenous or inhalation anesthesia in neurosurgical patients with a supratentorial tumor has not been ascertained. The purpose of this study was to intraoperatively compare the effects of moderate hyperventilation on the jugular bulb oxygen saturation (SjO₂), cerebral oxygen extraction ratio (O₂ER), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) in patients with a supratentorial tumor under different anesthetic regimens.

Methods:

Twenty adult patients suffered from supratentorial tumors were randomly assigned to receive a propofol infusion followed by isoflurane anesthesia after a 30-min stabilization period or isoflurane followed by propofol. The patients were randomized to one of the following two treatment sequences: hyperventilation followed by normoventilation or normoventilation followed by hyperventilation during isoflurane or propofol anesthesia, respectively. The ventilation and end-tidal CO₂ tension were maintained at a constant level for 20 min. Radial arterial and jugular bulb catheters were inserted for the blood gas sampling. At the end of each study period, we measured the change in the arterial and jugular bulb blood gases.

Results:

The mean value of the jugular bulb oxygen saturation (SjO₂) significantly decreased, and the oxygen extraction ratio (O₂ER) significantly increased under isoflurane or propofol anesthesia during hyperventilation compared with those during normoventilation (SjO₂: t = −2.728, P = 0.011 or t = −3.504, P = 0.001; O₂ER: t = 2.484, P = 0.020 or t = 2.892, P = 0.009). The SjO₂ significantly decreased, and the O₂ER significantly increased under propofol anesthesia compared with those values under isoflurane anesthesia during moderate hyperventilation (SjO₂: t = −2.769, P = 0.012; O₂ER: t = 2.719, P = 0.013). In the study, no significant changes in the SjO₂ and the O₂ER were observed under propofol compared with those values under isoflurane during normoventilation.

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that the optimal ventilated status under propofol or isoflurane anesthesia in neurosurgical patients varies. Hyperventilation under propofol anesthesia should be cautiously performed in neurosurgery to maintain an improved balance between the cerebral oxygen supply and demand.     

Efficacy and Safety of Avandamet or Uptitrated Metformin Treatment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled with Metformin Alone: A Multicenter,Randomized, Controlled Trial

Background:

At present, China has listed the compound tablet containing a fixed dose of rosiglitazone and metformin, Avandamet, which may improve patient compliance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Avandamet or uptitrated metformin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone.

Methods:

This study was a 48-week, multicenter, randomized, open-labeled, active-controlled trial. Patients with inadequate glycaemic control (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] 7.5–9.5%) receiving a stable dose of metformin (≥1500 mg) were recruited from 21 centers in China (from 19 November, 2009 to 15 March, 2011). The primary objective was to compare the proportion of patients who reached the target of HbA1c ≤7% between Avandamet and metformin treatment.

Results:

At week 48, 83.33% of patients reached the target of HbA1c ≤7% in Avandamet treatment and 70.00% in uptitrated metformin treatment, with significantly difference between groups. The target of HbA1c ≤6.5% was reached in 66.03% of patients in Avandamet treatment and 46.88% in uptitrated metformin treatment. The target of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≤6.1 mmol/L was reached in 26.97% of patients in Avandamet treatment and 19.33% in uptitrated metformin treatment. The target of FPG ≤7.0 mmol/L was reached in 63.16% of patients in Avandamet treatment and 43.33% in uptitrated metformin treatment. Fasting insulin decreased 3.24 ± 0.98 μU/ml from baseline in Avandamet treatment and 0.72 ± 1.10 μU/ml in uptitrated metformin treatment. Overall adverse event (AE) rates and serious AE rates were similar between groups. Hypoglycaemia occurred rarely in both groups.

Conclusions:

Compared with uptitrated metformin, Avandamet treatment provided significant improvements in key parameters of glycemic control and was generally well tolerated. Registration number: ChiCTR-TRC-13003776.     

Short-term Safety and Efficiency of Cryoablation for Renal Sympathetic Denervation in a Swine Model

Background:

Renal sympathetic nerves are involved in the reflective activation of the sympathetic nervous system in circulatory control. Catheter-based renal denervation (RDN) ameliorated treatment-resistant hypertension safely, but 10%–20% of treated patients are nonresponders to radiofrequency denervation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and efficiency of cryoablation for sympathetic denervation in a swine model and to explore a new way of RDN.

Methods:

Seven swines randomly assigned to two groups: Renal cryoablation (CR) group and control group. The control group underwent renal angiogram only. The CR group underwent renal angiogram plus bilateral renal cryoablation. Renal angiograms via femoral were performed before denervation, after denervation and prior to the sacrifice to access the diameter of renal arterial and the pressure of aorta abdominalis. Euthanasia of the swine was performed on 28-day to access norepinephrine (NE) changes of the renal cortex and the changes of renal nerves.

Results:

Cryoablation did not induce severe complications at any time point. There was no significant change in diameter of renal artery. CR reduced systolic blood pressure (BP) from 145.50 ± 9.95 mmHg at baseline to 119.00 ± 14.09 mmHg. There was a slight but insignificant decrease in diastolic BP. The main nerve changes at 28-day consisted of necrosis with perineurial fibrosis at the site of CR exposure in conjunction with the nerve vacuolation. Compared with the control group, renal tissue NE of CR group decreased by 89.85%.

Conclusions:

Percutaneous catheter-based cryoablation of the renal artery is safe. CR could effectively reduce NE storing in the renal cortex, and the efficiency could be maintained 28-day at least.     

不同危险分层老年高血压患者围手术期心血管事件风险分析

目的 研究不同危险分层老年高血压病患者在围手术期发生心血管事件的风险.方法 选择高血压非心脏手术老年患者126例,依次分为Ⅰ组(中危)、Ⅱ组(高危)、Ⅲ组(极高危),每组42例.随机选取无高血压病史和其他心血管危险因素的老年患者42例作为对照组.使用依托咪酯、丙泊酚、七氟烷、顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵与芬太尼进行麻醉诱导和麻醉维持;分别利用超声心输出量监测仪(USCOM)动态监测心脏指数(CI)、左心室输出量(CO)、每搏心输出量(SV)、外周血管阻力(SVR)、峰值速度(Vpk)、心率(HR)和平均动脉压(MAP),采用动态心电图(DCG)监测手术前后心肌缺血和心律失常情况.结果 Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组分别在术毕24 h内心肌缺血发生率(9.5％、31.0％、40.5％),缺血频率[(10.4±1.7)、(13.3±1.9)、(17.4±2.3)次],缺血时间[(116.4±9.7)、(174.3 ±19.8)、(212.4±20.5)分]和心律失常发生率(28.6％、52.4％、92.9％)差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组患者术毕48 h内心肌缺血发生率(11.9％、21.4％、31.0％),缺血频率[(9.5±1.5)、(11.6±2.0)、(15.0±2.2)次],缺血时间[(98.5±9.4)、(158.3±16.7)、(198.0±18.1)分]和心律失常发生率(16.7％、45.2％、81.0％)差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 具有心血管高危因素的老年患者在围手术期发生心血管事件的风险明显增加,尤其在全麻插管前即刻和术后24 h对心血管功能抑制最明显,容易发生心肌缺血和心律失常等心血管事件.     

Inaccuracy of Self-reported Low Sodium Diet among Chinese:Findings from Baseline Survey for Shandong & Ministry of Health Action on Salt and Hypertension (SMASH) Project

This study was aimed to evaluate the agreement between the self-reported sodium intake level and 24-h urine sodium excretion level in Chinese.The 24-h urine collection was conducted among 2112 adults aged 18-69 years randomly selected in Shandong Province,China.The subjects were asked whether their sodium intake was low,moderate,or high.The weighted kappa statistics was calculated to assess the agreement between     

Discrete TrkB-expressing neurons of the dorsomedial hypothalamus regulate feeding and thermogenesis

Mutations in the TrkB neurotrophin receptor lead to profound obesity in humans, and expression of TrkB in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) is critical for maintaining energy homeostasis. However, the functional implications of TrkB-fexpressing neurons in the DMH (DMH^TrkB) on energy expenditure are unclear. Additionally, the neurocircuitry underlying the effect of DMH^TrkB neurons on energy homeostasis has not been explored. In this study, we show that activation of DMH^TrkB neurons leads to a robust increase in adaptive thermogenesis and energy expenditure without altering heart rate or blood pressure, while silencing DMH^TrkB neurons impairs thermogenesis. Furthermore, we reveal neuroanatomically and functionally distinct populations of DMH^TrkB neurons that regulate food intake or thermogenesis. Activation of DMH^TrkB neurons projecting to the raphe pallidus (RPa) stimulates thermogenesis and increased energy expenditure, whereas DMH^TrkB neurons that send collaterals to the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) and preoptic area (POA) inhibit feeding. Together, our findings provide evidence that DMH^TrkB neuronal activity plays an important role in regulating energy expenditure and delineate distinct neurocircuits that underly the separate effects of DMH^TrkB neuronal activity on food intake and thermogenesis.

Impairments in energy homeostasis resulting from the compound effects of overeating and sedentary lifestyles have led to a profound increase in the rate of obesity around the world (1). Therapeutic strategies aimed at combating obesity by increasing energy expenditure or decreasing appetite have commonly failed due to counterregulatory mechanisms (2) and adverse side effects on cardiovascular physiology (3–5). To achieve safe and sustained weight loss, it will be essential to understand the mechanisms that govern and coordinate discrete physiological processes that contribute to energy homeostasis.Adaptive thermogenesis is the process by which energy is converted into heat and occurs primarily in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in response to environmental cues (6). BAT has a particularly high capacity for dissipating energy from fat and thus represents an important component of energy homeostasis. The dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) in the brain is centrally positioned in an established thermoregulatory neurocircuit, receiving inputs from the preoptic area (POA) (7–9) and sending excitatory projections to preautonomic neurons in the raphe pallidus (RPa) (10–13) that promote sympathetic activity in BAT, leading to increased thermogenesis. Direct chemical stimulation of the DMH (14) or activation of select populations of thermogenic DMH neurons (9, 11, 12, 15) leads to increased body temperature and energy expenditure but also significantly increases heart rate and blood pressure (12, 13, 15, 16). An inability to target increased sympathetic tone specifically in BAT without affecting other target tissues has greatly hampered strategies to treat obesity by targeting thermogenesis (4, 5).In addition to its influence on energy expenditure, the DMH also represents an important brain region in the regulation of feeding (17–19). Lesioning studies support an orexigenic role for the DMH (17), which can promote food intake through inhibitory projections to either the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) (18) or the arcuate nucleus (ARC) (20). Despite these early findings, evidence has also emerged that demonstrates the importance of anorexigenic populations of DMH neurons (19, 21, 22). We previously established that the activity of DMH neurons expressing the neurotrophin receptor TrkB (DMH^TrkB) is important for regulating feeding, showing that activation of DMH^TrkB neurons suppresses feeding and that deletion of the TrkB-encoding Ntrk2 gene in the DMH results in hyperphagia and obesity (21). Furthermore, humans with mutations in the TrkB-encoding NTRK2 gene exhibit severe obesity and impaired thermoregulation (23). However, it is unclear whether activation of DMH^TrkB neurons has a direct influence on adaptive thermogenesis. Additionally, the neurocircuitry through which DMH^TrkB neurons govern feeding or energy expenditure is unknown.Here, we demonstrate that DMH^TrkB neuronal activity potently promotes energy expenditure by elevating thermogenesis and physical activity with a notable lack of influence on heart rate and blood pressure. We further reveal that DMH^TrkB neurons send diverging projections to the RPa or the POA and PVH to differentially regulate energy expenditure and food intake, respectively.