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91.
Gupta S Devanarayan V Finco D Gunn GR Kirshner S Richards S Rup B Song A Subramanyam M 《Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis》2011,55(5):878-888
The administration of biological therapeutics may result in the development of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) in treated subjects. In some cases, ADA responses may result in the loss of therapeutic efficacy due to the formation of neutralizing ADAs (NAbs). An important characteristic of anti-drug NAbs is their direct inhibitory effect on the pharmacological activity of the therapeutic. Neutralizing antibody responses are of particular concern for biologic products with an endogenous homolog whose activity can be potentially dampened or completely inhibited by the NAbs leading to an autoimmune-type deficiency syndrome. Therefore, it is important that ADAs are detected and characterized appropriately using sensitive and reliable methods. The design, development and optimization of cell-based assays used for detection of NAbs have been published previously by Gupta et al. 2007 [1]. This paper provides recommendations on best practices for the validation of cell-based NAb assay and suggested validation parameters based on the experience of the authors. 相似文献
92.
Sankar V Nareshkumar PN Ajitkumar GN Penmetsa SD Hariharan S 《Current drug delivery》2012,9(5):506-514
The present study investigates the specific drug targeting of anti retroviral drugs, such as lamivudine and zidovudine, after intraperitoneal (i.p) injection by incorporation into polymeric nanoparticles (PNs) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Our results showed that Glyceryl Monosterate-Poloxamer 188 SLNs (average diameter of 522.466 nm) showed slow drug release rates (63.18% of lamivudine and 62.37% of zidovudine were released in 12 hrs) among all the SLN formulations. For Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-Poloxamer 188 PNs (average diameter of 70.348 nm), there were faster release rates of both lamivudine and zidovudine (97% and 94.06%, respectively, in 12 hrs). Tissue distribution studies were carried out in mice and concentrations of drugs in different organs were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after i.p. administration. Glyceryl Monosterate-Poloxamer 188 SLNs and PLGAPoloxamer 188 PNs showed increase in the distribution of lamivudine and zidovudine to liver and spleen when compared to the drugs in solution. Also, Glyceryl Monosterate-P 188 SLNs showed higher concentration of drugs in RES organs than PLGA-P 188 PNs. 相似文献
93.
Kevadiya BD Thumbar RP Rajput MM Rajkumar S Brambhatt H Joshi GV Dangi GP Mody HM Gadhia PK Bajaj HC 《European journal of pharmaceutical sciences》2012,47(1):265-272
This work evaluates intercalation of tamoxifen (Tmx) in interlayer gallery of Na(+)-MMT (Montmorillonite, MMT) (Tmx-MMT), which is further compounded with poly-(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) (Tmx-MMT/PCL, MPs), for oral chemotherapy of breast cancer. The X-ray diffraction patterns, thermal and spectroscopic analyses indicated the intercalation of Tmx into the MMT interlayer that stabilized in the longitudinal monolayer mode by electrostatic interaction. No significant change in structural and functional properties of Tmx was found in the MMT layers. In vitro study of drug release profiles showed controlled release pattern. The genotoxic effect of drug was in vitro evaluated in human lymphocyte cell culture by comet assay, and results indicated moderate reduction in DNA damage when pristine Tmx was intercalated with MMT and formulated in composites. The Tmx-MMT hybrid efficacy was also confirmed on HeLa and A549 cancer cells by in vitro cell viability assay. In vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) of formulated Tmx in rats was examined and the results showed that plasma Tmx levels were within therapeutic window as compared to pristine Tmx. Therefore, Tmx-MMT hybrid and microcomposite particles (MPs) can be of considerable value in chemotherapy of malignant neoplastic disease with reduced side effects. This study clearly indicated that MMT not only plays a role as a delivery matrix for drug, but also facilitates significant increase in the delivery proficiency. 相似文献
94.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to play a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR family is the essential recognition and signaling component of mammalian host defense. Both genetic and biochemical data support a common signaling pathway that finally leads to the activation of NF-κB and induction of the cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules required for the activation of the adaptive immune response. The present study was designed to examine the involvement of TLR2 and TLR4 in the oxidized LDL induced inflammation in human PBMCs and the effect of flavonoid quercetin on TLR-NF-κB signaling mechanism. LDL was isolated from human plasma and oxidation of LDL was done by incubating with 10 μM CuSO4 overnight at 37 °C. The isolated human PBMCs in culture were used as the model system. 50 μg/ml ox-LDL treatment significantly up regulated TLR2 and TLR4 expression in isol human PBMCs after 24 h of culture and this was down regulated by quercetin at 25 μM concentration. ox-LDL caused a significant activation of NF-κB as evidenced by the detection of enhanced p65 subunit in nuclear extracts. Supplementation of quercetin significantly modulates the NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. The cytokine IL-6 production was significantly increased in ox-LDL treated group and was decreased by quercetin treatment. Quercetin mediated reduction of TLR2 and TLR4 expression and the inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in turn decreased the inflammatory enzymes like 5-LOX and COX and also decreased the mRNA expression of inducible enzymes like COX-2 and iNOS. Quercetin inhibited the ox-LDL induced TLR2 and TLR4 expression at mRNA level and modulated the TLR-NF-κB signaling pathway thereby inhibited the cytokine production and down regulated the activity of inflammatory enzymes thus have protective effect against the ox-LDL induced inflammation in PBMCs. 相似文献
95.
Pereira S Vayntrub T Hiraki DD Cherry AM Arai S Dvorak CC Grumet FC 《Human immunology》2011,72(6):503-509
Clonal chromosomal abnormalities are often found in the tumor cells of patients with malignancies. These abnormalities can cause downregulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and instability of short tandem repeat (STR) DNA sequences, confounding HLA typing and/or engraftment analysis in hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT). We describe here the abnormalities observed during testing of 600 HSCT patients. HLA molecular typing was performed by reference strand conformational analyses and/or sequence-based typing. STR testing was performed with 10 to 16 STR primer sets, following 1 to 4 informative loci in each patient. Eight patients exhibited either loss of heterozygosity (4 STR, 3 HLA) or STR length mutation (n = 1), and 5 of the 8 exhibited correlative cytogenetic abnormalities. Diagnoses were acute myelogenous leukemia (AML; n = 7) or myelofibrosis (MFIB: n = 1), yielding an 11% incidence of these chromosomal abnormalities among the subset of 72 AML/MFIB HSCT patients. These results highlight some of the problems encountered and the possibility for interpretive errors that can arise when analyzing molecular typing and engraftment data, particularly among AML/MFIB patients. 相似文献
96.
Shalini Andersson Alan Armstrong Annika Björe Sue Bowker Steve Chapman Rob Davies Craig Donald Bryan Egner Thomas Elebring Sara Holmqvist Tord Inghardt Petra Johannesson Magnus Johansson Craig Johnstone Paul Kemmitt Jan Kihlberg Pernilla Korsgren Malin Lemurell Jane Moore Jonas A. Pettersson Paul Whittamore 《Drug discovery today》2009,14(11-12):598-604
97.
Imwong M Snounou G Pukrittayakamee S Tanomsing N Kim JR Nandy A Guthmann JP Nosten F Carlton J Looareesuwan S Nair S Sudimack D Day NP Anderson TJ White NJ 《The Journal of infectious diseases》2007,195(7):927-933
BACKGROUND: Relapses originating from hypnozoites are characteristic of Plasmodium vivax infections. Thus, reappearance of parasitemia after treatment can result from relapse, recrudescence, or reinfection. It has been assumed that parasites causing relapse would be a subset of the parasites that caused the primary infection. METHODS: Paired samples were collected before initiation of antimalarial treatment and at recurrence of parasitemia from 149 patients with vivax malaria in Thailand (n=36), where reinfection could be excluded, and during field studies in Myanmar (n=75) and India (n=38). RESULTS: Combined genetic data from 2 genotyping approaches showed that novel P. vivax populations were present in the majority of patients with recurrent infection (107 [72%] of 149 patients overall [78% of patients in Thailand, 75% of patients in Myanmar {Burma}, and 63% of patients in India]). In 61% of the Thai and Burmese patients and in 55% of the Indian patients, the recurrent infections contained none of the parasite genotypes that caused the acute infection. CONCLUSIONS: The P. vivax populations emerging from hypnozoites commonly differ from the populations that caused the acute episode. Activation of heterologous hypnozoite populations is the most common cause of first relapse in patients with vivax malaria. 相似文献
98.
Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG) is an antibody-mediated form of severe autonomic failure. AAG is associated with serum antibodies against ganglionic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) and appears to result from impaired synaptic transmission in autonomic ganglia. The rabbit model of experimental AAG (EAAG), induced by immunization, reproduces the cardinal features of the human disease. Pupillary dysfunction is a prominent and defining feature in both AAG and EAAG. We adapted infrared computer-assisted video pupillometry to record direct pupil light responses in control and EAAG rabbits. Offline analysis algorithms were used to determine latency, velocity and amplitude of the constriction and redilation phases of the light reflex. Following immunization, pupillary abnormalities were the earliest sign of evolving autonomic failure. EAAG rabbits showed significant reduction in velocity and amplitude of pupil constriction while redilation parameters were only mildly affected. Fatigue in pupillary constriction, evidenced by premature redilation of the pupil prior to termination of the light stimulus, was observed only in seropositive rabbits. The severity of pupillary abnormalities was significantly correlated with ganglionic AChR antibody level. In chronic EAAG, treatment with pyridostigmine produced a partial recovery of pupil function. We conclude that pupillometry is a robust and sensitive diagnostic tool to assess autonomic dysfunction, distinguish AAG from other disorders, and assess responses to therapy. In EAAG, pupillary dysfunction is partially reversible, parasympathetic pupil function is more severely compromised than sympathetic function, and fatigue of pupillary constriction may be seen. These characteristic abnormalities of the pupillary light reflex may prove to have diagnostic value. 相似文献
99.
Serous tumours of the testis and paratestis are rare, with fewer than 50 cases reported in the literature. The majority of the reported cases have been borderline serous tumours, and these tend not to recur or metastasize. Conversely, serous carcinomas can metastasize but this is often a late event. The presence of invasion in an otherwise borderline tumour has also been associated with the development of metastatic disease several years later, thus highlighting the importance of extensive sampling of all cases of borderline serous tumours. We report a case of a young man diagnosed with serous carcinoma of the testis, occurring 18 years after first diagnosis of a testicular germ cell tumour in the contralateral testis. This pattern has not previously been reported. 相似文献
100.
Dalal S Palla S Hui D Nguyen L Chacko R Li Z Fadul N Scott C Thornton V Coldman B Amin Y Bruera E 《The oncologist》2011,16(1):105-111