系膜细胞来源的白细胞介素-13对系膜细胞细胞因子基因表达的研究(英文)

目的　白细胞介素 1 3(IL 1 3)是新近发现的一种抗炎性细胞因子 ,其在肾小球肾炎中的作用尚不清楚 ,该研究探讨脂多糖 (LPS)对体外培养的人肾小球系膜细胞 (HMC)表达IL 1 3作用以及IL 1 3对HMC促炎性细胞因子、趋化因子和促纤维化因子基因表达的影响。方法　体外培养HMC ,加入不同浓度的LPS和 (或 )IL 1 3后 ,用逆转录 -聚合酶链反应和ELISA检测HMCIL 1 3mRNA表达和细胞培养上清液中IL 1 3蛋白含量 ;应用核酸酶保护法检测HMC肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)、白介素 - 1α(IL 1α)、白介素 - 1 β(IL 1 β)、单核细胞趋化蛋白 1(MCP 1 )、白介素 8(IL 8)、转化生长因子 - β1 (TGF β1 )mRNA的表达。 结果　未予LPS刺激的HMC不表达IL 1 3mRNA和蛋白 ;LPS呈剂量依赖性和时间依赖性诱导HMC表达IL 1 3mRNA和分泌IL 1 3蛋白。HMC受LPS刺激后 1 2h即可表达IL 1 3mRNA ,4 8h达高峰 ,72h仍维持在较高的水平。HMC受LPS刺激后 2 4h ,其培养上清液中检测到IL 1 3蛋白 ,4 8h和 72h进一步增加。外源性IL 1 3呈剂量依赖性地抑制LPS诱导的系膜细胞TNF α ,IL 1α ,IL 1 β ,MCP 1 ,IL 8,TGF β1mRNA的表达。应用抗IL 1 3抗体中和内源性IL 1 3后 ,上述炎症因子表达增强。结论　IL 1 3是HMC自分泌因子。IL 1 3可抑制LPS诱导     

Late-onset epilepsy and occult cerebrovascular disease

The interface between cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and epilepsy is complex and multifaceted. Late-onset epilepsy (LOE) is increasingly common and is often attributed to CVD, and is indeed associated with an increased risk of stroke. This relationship is easily recognizable where there is a history of stroke, particularly involving the cerebral cortex. However, the relationship with otherwise occult, subcortical CVD is currently less well established yet causality is often invoked. In this review, we consider the diagnosis of LOE in clinical practice—including its behaviour as a potential mimic of acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack; evidence for an association between occult CVD and LOE; and potential mechanisms of epileptogenesis in occult CVD, including potential interrelationships between disordered cerebral metabolism and perfusion, disrupted neurovascular unit integrity, blood–brain barrier dysfunction, and inflammation. We also discuss recently recognized issues concerning antiepileptic drug treatment and vascular risk and consider a variety of less common CVD entities associated with seizures.     

Biologic basis for interleukin-1 in disease

To understand the role of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) in disease, investigators have studied how production of the different members of the IL-1 family is controlled, the various biologic activities of IL-1, the distinct and various functions of the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) family, and the complexity of intracellular signaling. Mice deficient in IL-1Beta, IL-1Beta converting enzyme, and IL-1R type I have also been studied. Humans have been injected with IL- 1 (either IL-1alpha or IL-1beta) for enhancing bone marrow recovery and for cancer treatment. The IL-1-specific receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) has also been tested in clinical trials. The topics discussed in this review include production and activities of IL-1 and IL-1Ra molecules, the effects of IL-1 on gene expression, functions of cell-bound and soluble IL-1 receptors, the importance of the IL-1R accessory protein, newly discovered signal transduction pathways, naturally occurring cytokines limiting IL-1 production or activity, the effects of blocking cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide, and the outcomes of IL-1 and IL-1 Ra in human trials. Special attention is paid to IL-1beta converting enzyme and programmed cell death. The roles of IL-1 in hematopoiesis, leukemia, atherosclerosis, and growth of solid tumors are also discussed. This is a lengthy review, with 586 citations chosen to illustrate specific areas of interest rather than a compendium of references. At the end of each section, a short commentary summarizes what the author considers established or controversial topics linking the biology of IL-1 to mechanisms of disease.     

Erythroid marrow function in anemic patients

Erythropoietic activity is known to be closely associated with marrow iron uptake. A modification of the standard measure of plasma iron turnover has been developed in which erythron transferrin uptake (ETU) rather than iron uptake has been calculated. The ETU has the advantage of providing a parameter of erythroid marrow activity independent of change produced by plasma iron and transferrin saturation. Measurements in 80 patients with anemia were compared to the normal value of 60 +/- 12 mumol/L whole blood/d. The mean ETU for ten patients with severe aplastic anemia and for six patients with pure red-cell aplasia were 12 +/- 8 and 12 +/- 11 mumol/L whole blood/d, respectively. In ten transfusion-dependent patients with renal failure under dialysis therapy, the mean value was 35 +/- 11, while ten other dialyzed patients who were transfusion independent had a mean ETU of 73 +/- 21 mumol/L whole blood/d. Sixteen patients with hemolytic anemia had an average ETU of 400 +/- 130, while 28 patients with ineffective erythropoiesis had a mean value of 474 +/- 147 mumol/L whole blood/d. While patients with hypoproliferative anemia showed no relation between the severity of anemia and ETU, those with hyperproliferative erythroid marrow showed increasing values as the anemia became more severe. Sequential measurements in patients with aplastic anemia under treatment and in thalassemic patients under transfusion therapy showed the value of this measurement in monitoring the effects of treatment on erythroid marrow activity. It is concluded that the measurement of ETU provides a more direct ferrokinetic evaluation of erythroid activity in anemic states.     

Role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in promoting fibrin deposition in rabbits infused with ancrod or thrombin

The role of defective fibrinolysis caused by elevated activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in promoting fibrin deposition in vivo has not been well established. The present study compared the efficacy of thrombin or ancrod, a venom-derived enzyme that clots fibrinogen, to induce fibrin formation in rabbits with elevated PAI-1 levels. One set of male New Zealand rabbits received intravenous endotoxin to increase endogenous PAI-1 activity followed by a 1-hour infusion of ancrod or thrombin; another set of normal rabbits received intravenous human recombinant PAI-1 (rPAI-1) during an infusion of ancrod or thrombin. Thirty minutes after the end of the infusion, renal fibrin deposition was assessed by histopathology. Animals receiving endotoxin, rPAI-1, ancrod, or thrombin alone did not develop renal thrombi. All endotoxin-treated rabbits developed fibrin deposition when infused with ancrod (n = 4) or thrombin (n = 6). Fibrin deposition occurred in 7 of 7 rabbits receiving both rPAI-1 and ancrod and in only 1 of 6 receiving rPAI-1 and thrombin (P < .01). In vitro, thrombin but not ancrod was inactivated by normal rabbit plasma and by purified antithrombin III or thrombomodulin. The data indicate that elevated levels of PAI-1 promote fibrin deposition in rabbits infused with ancrod but not with thrombin. In endotoxin-treated rabbits, fibrin deposition that occurs with thrombin infusion may be caused by decreased inhibition of procoagulant activity and not increased PAI-1 activity.     

Identification of T lymphocytes in human mixed hemopoietic colonies

The addition of a T-cell growth-promoting medium (PHA-TCM) to culture conditions that support growth of multi-lineage hemopoietic colonies enhances the proliferation of cells with lymphoid morphology within these colonies. These cells were identified as T lymphocytes by their ability to form rosettes with SRBC and their reaction with monoclonal antibodies (OKT3, OKT4) directed against T-cell-specific surface components. They continue to proliferate extensively under the influence of PHA-TCM after transfer of mixed colonies into liquid suspension culture. Supportive evidence for a common progenitor of myeloid and lymphoid cells within single mixed colonies is provided by Y-chromatin body analysis of E-rosette positive and negative cells in colonies grown in cocultures of male and female bone marrow cells.     

Reversal of granulocyte adherence to nylon fibers using local anesthetic agents: possible application to filtration leukapheresis

The effects of the cationic anesthetic agents tetracaine and lidocaine on granulocyte function, morphology, and adherence to nylon fibers were studied in an attempt to improve current methods of granulocyte collection by filtration leukapheresis (FL). When dissolved in acid- citrate-dextrose (ACD) plasma, these drugs significantly increased granulocyte elution from the fibers in a dose-related fashion. Granulocytes exposed to tetracaine and lidocaine remained more than 95% viable, retained normal bactericidal capacity after the drugs were washed from the cells, and had preserved membrane integrity, as evidenced by the normal ultrastructural appearance of tetracaine- exposed cells and an absence of leakage of lysozyme or lactic dehydrogenase. Granulocytes eluted with the anesthetic agents were rounded in shape with a reduction in the number of filopodial cytoplasmic projections and a relative absence of cytoplasmic vacuolization when compared to granulocytes eluted with ACD plasma alone. Dose-related inhibition of phagocytosis and adherence, which was largely reversible after washing the granulocytes, was noted. Greater than 95% of the lidocaine could be removed from the eluate with a single centrifugation and resuspension, indicating that granulocytes prepared by FL with anesthetic-enhanced elution could be potentially transfusable.     

Homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations in the ATP6V1B1 gene in patients with renal tubular acidosis and sensorineural hearing loss

Mohebbi N, Vargas‐Poussou R, Hegemann SCA, Schuknecht B, Kistler AD, Wüthrich RP, Wagner CA. Homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations in the ATP6V1B1 gene in patients with renal tubular acidosis and sensorineural hearing loss. Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is characterized by the inability to excrete acid in the renal collecting ducts resulting in inappropriately alkaline urine and hyperchloremic (normal anion gap) metabolic acidosis in the context of a normal (or near‐normal) glomerular filtration rate. Inborn dRTA can be due to autosomal dominant or recessive gene defects. Clinical symptoms vary from mild acidosis, incidental detection of kidney stones or renal tract calcification to severe findings such as failure to thrive, severe metabolic acidosis, and nephrocalcinosis. The majority of patients with recessive dRTA present with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Few cases with abnormal widening of the vestibular aqueduct have been described with dRTA. Mutations in three different genes have been identified, namely SLC4A1, ATP6V1B1, and ATP6V0A4. Patients with mutations in the ATP6V1B1 proton pump subunit develop dRTA and in most of the cases sensorineural hearing loss early in childhood. We present two patients from two different and non‐consanguineous families with dRTA and SNHL. Direct sequencing of the ATP6V1B1 gene revealed that one patient harbors two homozygous mutations and the other one is a compound heterozygous. To our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature describing homozygosity in the same dRTA gene on both alleles.