The changing risk and burden of wildfire in the United States

Recent dramatic and deadly increases in global wildfire activity have increased attention on the causes of wildfires, their consequences, and how risk from wildfire might be mitigated. Here we bring together data on the changing risk and societal burden of wildfire in the United States. We estimate that nearly 50 million homes are currently in the wildland–urban interface in the United States, a number increasing by 1 million houses every 3 y. To illustrate how changes in wildfire activity might affect air pollution and related health outcomes, and how these linkages might guide future science and policy, we develop a statistical model that relates satellite-based fire and smoke data to information from pollution monitoring stations. Using the model, we estimate that wildfires have accounted for up to 25% of PM_2.5 (particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm) in recent years across the United States, and up to half in some Western regions, with spatial patterns in ambient smoke exposure that do not follow traditional socioeconomic pollution exposure gradients. We combine the model with stylized scenarios to show that fuel management interventions could have large health benefits and that future health impacts from climate-change–induced wildfire smoke could approach projected overall increases in temperature-related mortality from climate change—but that both estimates remain uncertain. We use model results to highlight important areas for future research and to draw lessons for policy.     

The decline of butterflies in Europe: Problems,significance, and possible solutions

We review changes in the status of butterflies in Europe, focusing on long-running population data available for the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Belgium, based on standardized monitoring transects. In the United Kingdom, 8% of resident species have become extinct, and since 1976 overall numbers declined by around 50%. In the Netherlands, 20% of species have become extinct, and since 1990 overall numbers in the country declined by 50%. Distribution trends showed that butterfly distributions began decreasing long ago, and between 1890 and 1940, distributions declined by 80%. In Flanders (Belgium), 20 butterflies have become extinct (29%), and between 1992 and 2007 overall numbers declined by around 30%. A European Grassland Butterfly Indicator from 16 European countries shows there has been a 39% decline of grassland butterflies since 1990. The 2010 Red List of European butterflies listed 38 of the 482 European species (8%) as threatened and 44 species (10%) as near threatened (note that 47 species were not assessed). A country level analysis indicates that the average Red List rating is highest in central and mid-Western Europe and lowest in the far north of Europe and around the Mediterranean. The causes of the decline of butterflies are thought to be similar in most countries, mainly habitat loss and degradation and chemical pollution. Climate change is allowing many species to spread northward while bringing new threats to susceptible species. We describe examples of possible conservation solutions and a summary of policy changes needed to conserve butterflies and other insects.     

Lymphocytic myocarditis in an overlap syndrome of systemic sclerosis and polymyositis

Clinical Rheumatology -     

Gender differences in clinical features and outcomes of a Portuguese systemic sclerosis cohort

Clinical Rheumatology - Evidence for the role of sex in the clinical manifestations of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients is emerging. Some multicenter cohorts have shown that male SSc patients have...     

Effects of exercise training on bone mineral density and some health-related outcomes in HIV conditions: A randomized controlled trial

Introduction:Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains prevalent co-morbidity, and among fracture patients. Few studies have investigated the role of exercise interventions in preventing bone demineralization in people who have fractures and HIV. If exercise exposed, HIV-infected individuals may experience improved bone health outcomes (BMD), function, quality of life (QoL). The study will aim to assess the impact of home based exercises on bone mineral density, functional capacity, QoL, and some serological markers of health in HIV infection among Nigerians and South Africans.Methods and design:The study is an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial. Patients managed with internal and external fixation for femoral shaft fracture at the study sites will be recruited to participate in the study. The participants will be recruited 2 weeks post-discharge at the follow-up clinic with the orthopaedic surgeon. The study population will consist of all persons with femoral fracture and HIV-positive and negative (HIV-positive medically confirmed) aged 18 to 60 years attending the above-named health facilities. For the HIV-positive participants, a documented positive HIV result, as well as a history of being followed-up at the HIV treatment and care center. A developed home based exercise programme will be implemented in the experimental group while the control group continues with the usual rehabilitation programme. The primary outcome measures will be function, gait, bone mineral density, physical activity, and QoL.Discussion:The proposed trial will compare the effect of a home-based physical exercise-training programme in the management of femoral fracture to the usual physiotherapy management programmes with specific outcomes of bone mineral density, function, and inflammatory markers.Trial registration:The study was prospectively registered with the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (Reference number – PACTR201910562118957) on October 21, 2019. (https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=9425).     

Central memory self/tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells confer superior antitumor immunity compared with effector memory T cells

Central memory CD8+ T cells (T(CM)) and effector memory CD8+ T cells (T(EM)) are found in humans and mice; however, their relative contributions to host immunity have only recently been examined in vivo. Further, the ability of T(CM) to treat an established tumor or infection has yet to be evaluated. To address the therapeutic potential of different tumor-reactive CD8+ T cell memory subsets, we used an established model for the in vitro generation of T(CM) and T(EM) by using IL-15 and IL-2, respectively. Adoptively transferred T(CM) exhibited a potent in vivo recall response when combined with tumor-antigen vaccination and exogenous IL-2, leading to the eradication of large established tumors. By contrast, T(EM) were far less effective on a per-cell basis. Microarray analysis revealed that the signature of highly in vivo effective antitumor T cells included the overexpression of genes responsible for trafficking to secondary lymphoid tissues. This gene expression profile correctly predicted the in vitro and in vivo lymphoid-homing attributes of tumor-reactive T cells. Furthermore, we found that homing to secondary lymphoid tissue is required for optimal tumor treatment. Our findings indicated that highly in vivo effective antitumor T cells were those that initially targeted secondary lymphoid tissue, rather than tumor sites, as had previously been postulated. Thus, tumor-reactive CD8+ T cell populations with the phenotypic and functional attributes of T(CM) may be superior to T(EM)/effector T cells for adoptive immunotherapies using concomitant tumor-antigen vaccination.     

Infants with critical heart disease in a territory with centralized care

All children with a critical heart disease in a 6.3 million inhabitants territory were referred and all infants who died were autopsied and the protocols sent to the only Center of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery. In the first 5 years of the centralized care, 1,122 infants, i.e. 2.36/1,000 live births suffered from a critical heart disease. 639 (57%) were admitted to the Center and the rest died in provincial hospitals with but not always from a heart disease found at autopsy. An additional 43 (6.2%) patients had nonstructural heart disease and 12 (1.7%) had heart diseases not considered to be critical. The total incidence of critical heart disease fluctuated from 2.15 to 2.51/1,000 live births without any well-defined trend. A decrease in the relative frequency throughout the 5-year period was found for common arterial trunk, pulmonary stenosis and atresia while an increase was observed in patency of the arterial duct. The most frequent critical heart diseases in infancy were: ventricular septal defect (18.2%) - mostly in isolation; complete transposition (14.6%); aortic coarctation (10.0%); hypoplastic left heart syndrome (9.1%) and pulmonary atresia (6.3%). The majority (51.4%) of patients became critically ill or died in the neonatal period. The most common conditions seen in neonates were complete transposition (22.5%), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (16.1%) and coarctation of the aorta (9.5%). The highest share of critically ill patients was encountered in complete transposition (100%), pulmonary atresia (98.7%), common arterial trunk (97.4%) and double outlet right ventricle (92.1%). The least dangerous were atrial septal defect (6.6%), pulmonary stenosis (7.0%), aortic stenosis (12.2%) and ventricular septal defect (21.0%). The mean age was 76 (+/- 56) days at admission and 59 (+/- 73) days at death. Urgent cardiovascular surgery was performed in 235 (36.8%) of the 639 patients admitted in infancy, that is 0.5 per 1,000 live born children.     

Homogeneity and tolerance to heat of monolayer MoS2 on SiO2 and h-BN

We investigated the homogeneity and tolerance to heat of monolayer MoS₂ using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. For MoS₂ on SiO₂, the PL spectra of the basal plane differ from those of the edge, but MoS₂ on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) was electron-depleted with a homogeneous PL spectra over the entire area. Annealing at 450 °C rendered MoS₂ on SiO₂ homogeneously electron-depleted over the entire area by creating numerous defects; moreover, annealing at 550 °C and subsequent laser irradiation on the MoS₂ monolayer caused a loss of its inherent crystal structure. On the other hand, monolayer MoS₂ on h-BN was preserved up to 550 °C with its PL spectra not much changed compared with MoS₂ on SiO₂. We performed an experiment to qualitatively compare the binding energies between various layers, and discuss the tolerance of monolayer MoS₂ to heat on the basis of interlayer/interfacial binding energy.

We investigated the homogeneity and tolerance to heat of monolayer MoS₂ using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy.