全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1678篇 |
免费 | 118篇 |
国内免费 | 10篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 2篇 |
儿科学 | 55篇 |
妇产科学 | 11篇 |
基础医学 | 256篇 |
口腔科学 | 22篇 |
临床医学 | 283篇 |
内科学 | 347篇 |
皮肤病学 | 41篇 |
神经病学 | 22篇 |
特种医学 | 104篇 |
外科学 | 341篇 |
综合类 | 16篇 |
预防医学 | 85篇 |
眼科学 | 6篇 |
药学 | 49篇 |
肿瘤学 | 166篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 12篇 |
2022年 | 2篇 |
2021年 | 20篇 |
2020年 | 14篇 |
2019年 | 17篇 |
2018年 | 29篇 |
2017年 | 22篇 |
2016年 | 34篇 |
2015年 | 40篇 |
2014年 | 49篇 |
2013年 | 66篇 |
2012年 | 75篇 |
2011年 | 85篇 |
2010年 | 68篇 |
2009年 | 80篇 |
2008年 | 88篇 |
2007年 | 82篇 |
2006年 | 81篇 |
2005年 | 79篇 |
2004年 | 61篇 |
2003年 | 59篇 |
2002年 | 72篇 |
2001年 | 81篇 |
2000年 | 40篇 |
1999年 | 56篇 |
1998年 | 42篇 |
1997年 | 42篇 |
1996年 | 41篇 |
1995年 | 30篇 |
1994年 | 29篇 |
1993年 | 35篇 |
1992年 | 28篇 |
1991年 | 21篇 |
1990年 | 23篇 |
1989年 | 25篇 |
1988年 | 31篇 |
1987年 | 32篇 |
1986年 | 23篇 |
1985年 | 14篇 |
1984年 | 16篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 12篇 |
1980年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1963年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1806条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin in renal biopsies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P Conz P A Bevilacqua C Ronco M Feriani A Brendolan R Dell'Aquila G Pietribiasi S Meli G La Greca 《Nephron》1990,56(4):387-390
Alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin (alpha 1-AK) and alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) represent a defense mechanism to protect the tissues from proteolytic enzyme activity. We studied the implication of alpha 1-AK and alpha 1-AT in glomeruli of patients with different nephropathies based on the analysis of 52 paraffin-embedded renal biopsies with alpha 1-AK and alpha 1-AT antisera. The results demonstrate an intense alpha 1-AK glomerular staining in renal biopsies from patients with minimal-change disease, while a minor staining of this protein was found in the other nephropathies. No significant evidence of alpha 1-AT deposits was observed in our cases. Our findings suggest that when alpha 1-AK is lacking in glomeruli the defense mechanisms against proteolytic enzymes may not be efficient enough to protect the glomerular structures and limit the damage. Since alpha 1-AK is a reactant of the acute phase of inflammation, it may be considered as a marker of activity for monocyte-macrophages in glomerular damage. 相似文献
12.
13.
Immunotopographic assessment of lymphoid and plasma cell malignancies in the bone marrow 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Rene Kronland MD Thomas Grogan MD Catherine Spier MD Daniel Wirt HTL Catherine Rangel MT Lynne Richter MD Brian Durie MD Bernard Greenberg MD Thomas Miller MD Stephen Jones 《Human pathology》1985,16(12):1247-1254
To determine the utility of tissue section immunochemistry in the evaluation of bone marrow involved by lymphoid and plasma cell malignancies, snap-frozen, undecalcified bone marrow core and aspirate samples from 23 patients with these disorders were studied with a battery of monoclonal antibodies. With techniques that preserve architecture, difficult diagnostic cases characterized by core but not aspirate involvement, or the reverse, were resolved. By means of an extensive battery of monoclonal antibodies applied to serial sections, complex tumor cell phenotypes were established in all 23 cases. In addition to the identification of straightforward monoclonal surface immunoglobulin expression in small cleaved cell lymphomas (four cases), the battery approach added immunologic certainty in malignancies with unusual or difficult phenotypes: peripheral T-cell lymphomas with idiosyncratic antigen expression, and chronic lymphocytic leukemias and small cell lymphomas with faint surface immunoglobulin expression (four cases). For the chronic lymphocytic leukemias and the small cell lymphomas, the combined IgD+, B2+, B1+, Ia+, Leu-1+ phenotype taken as a whole had greater utility than any isolated marker. The acute lymphocytic leukemias and the myelomas studied demonstrate the wide range of B-cell antigens that must be detected to account for the variety of B-cell neoplasms encountered. Additionally, the previously undescribed phenotypic subset of CALLA+ myelomas, which is of prognostic relevance, was identified. Marrow frozen section immunotyping is a major asset in the evaluation of patients with lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma when special care is accorded to tissue handling and to treatment of endogenous peroxidase/pseudoperoxidase and interstitial immunoglobulin. 相似文献
14.
15.
The first clinical isolate of Legionella parisiensis, from a liver transplant patient with pneumonia. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of clinical microbiology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
F Lo Presti S Riffard F Vandenesch M Reyrolle E Ronco P Ichai J Etienne 《Journal of clinical microbiology》1997,35(7):1706-1709
A bluish white autofluorescent strain of Legionella was isolated from the tracheal aspirate of a female liver transplant patient who developed hospital-acquired pneumonia. This strain had biochemical characteristics compatible with those of L. cherrii, L. anisa, and L. parisiensis and could not be differentiated from L. bozemanii and L. parisiensis by the direct fluorescent-antibody assay. Phylogenetic analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of this strain (ATCC 700174) revealed the closest homology to the species L. parisiensis (99.5%). An L. parisiensis species-specific profile was also identified by a random amplified polymorphic DNA technique. This is the first report of L. parisiensis isolation from humans. 相似文献
16.
Interferon-gamma induces dipeptidylpeptidase IV expression in human glomerular epithelial cells. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Immunology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
The expression of interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R) and proliferating cell nuclear antigens (PCNA) were compared for their usefulness as markers of lymphocyte activation. Heterologous polyclonal (anti-bovine IL-2R) and monoclonal (anti-human PCNA) antibodies were used to detect the expression of these molecules on activated deer lymphocytes. Both molecules were co-expressed on blast cells which had been activated with mitogen [concanavalin A (Con A)]. There was detectable up-regulation of IL-2R expression in response to antigen [Mycobacterium bovis-derived purified protein derivative (PPD)] stimulation while PCNA expression mimicked lymphocyte transformation (LT) reactivity. PCNA expression was found to more accurately reflect both antigen- and mitogen-activated lymphocyte activation, as estimated by LT activity. The expression of PCNA was used to identify antigen reactive cells from animals exposed to M. bovis. A very low percentage (1.1 +/- 0.4%) of peripheral blood lymphocytes from non-infected animals could be stimulated to express PCNA by in vitro culture with antigen (PPD). Within the infected group both diseased and healthy, 'in-contact', animals expressed significantly higher levels of PCNA upon antigen stimulation. 相似文献
17.
Comparison of antigenic targets involved in antibody-mediated membranous glomerulonephritis in the mouse and rat 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
K J Assmann P Ronco M M Tangelder W P Lange P Verroust R A Koene 《The American journal of pathology》1985,121(1):112-122
Membranous glomerulonephritis in the mouse can be induced by a single injection of an antiserum against homologous, pronase-digested, renal tubular antigens (TAPron). In indirect immunofluorescence studies on normal mouse and rat kidneys it has now been found that the antiserum reacts strongly with the visceral epithelia of the mouse in a homogeneous pattern, while a faint granular staining is seen in the rat glomerulus against a homogeneous background. After injection in rats, a classic passive Heymann nephritis could be induced. By immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled rat renal brush borders (BB) it could be shown that anti-TAPron antisera contain antibodies to 330-kd and 90-kd BB proteins expressed by rat glomeruli. With the use of two monoclonal antibodies specific for the 330- and 90-kd proteins the homogeneous binding observed in rat and mouse glomeruli could be related to the 90-kd antigen, whereas the coarse irregular staining observed in rat glomeruli was only related to the 330-kd antigen. Immunoglobulins eluted from glomeruli of rats bound to rat glomeruli and reacted only with the 330-kd protein. They did not bind to mouse glomeruli. Discrete localization in coated pits, multivesicular bodies, and endoplasmic reticulum of the visceral epithelia was seen in immunoelectron-microscopy. The results presented thus demonstrate that immune deposits induced in the rat by anti-TAPron antibodies are related to antibodies specific for the 330-kd antigen, ie, the classic Heymann antigen. By contrast, immune deposits observed in the mouse are related to antibodies specific for a 90-kd protein. 相似文献
18.
Anna Gillio-Tos Laura De Marco Valeria Ghisetti Peter J F Snijders Nereo Segnan Guglielmo Ronco Franco Merletti 《Journal of clinical virology》2006,36(2):126-132
BACKGROUND: Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary step in the progression to cervical cancer. Many methods for HPV testing are currently available, most developed to detect pools of HPV types. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the HPV typing by molecular methods and to compare commercial kits with an established laboratory method. STUDY DESIGN: Eighty-four cervical samples found to be positive for HPV DNA by GP5+/6+-polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay-reverse line blotting (PCR-EIA-RLB) were re-tested with two commercial methods, INNO-LiPA and Amplisense HPV typing, able to identify the HPV type predicted by PCR-EIA-RLB in 76 and 67 samples, respectively. RESULTS: The INNO-LiPA assay revealed HPV DNA in 75/76 samples (98.7%; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99) that would contain HPV types identifiable by this assay. The Amplisense HPV assay revealed HPV DNA in 58/67 samples (86.6%; 95% CI, 0.76-0.93) containing HPV types detectable by this assay. For samples with a single infection, the unweighted kappa for concordance of HPV typing was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.78-0.97) for PCR-EIA-RLB versus INNO-LiPA, 0.94 (95% CI, 0.87-0.99) for INNO-LiPA versus Amplisense HPV, and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.70-0.94) for PCR-EIA-RLB versus Amplisense HPV typing. PCR-EIA-RLB revealed 12 multiple infections, INNO-LiPA revealed 14, and Amplisense HPV revealed 5. The agreement among tests for samples with multiple infections was lower, giving kappa values of 0.44 (95% CI, 0.18-0.70) for PCR-EIA-RLB versus INNO-LiPA, 0.52 (95% CI, 0.19-0.85) for PCR-EIA-RLB versus Amplisense HPV and 0.43 (95% CI, 0.12-0.74) for INNO-LiPA versus Amplisense HPV. CONCLUSIONS: In HPV-positive samples, the agreement among tests for HPV typing was high for single infections but markedly lower for infections with multiple HPV types. 相似文献
19.
Elastin point mutations cause an obstructive vascular disease, supravalvular aortic stenosis 总被引:7,自引:2,他引:7
Li DY; Toland AE; Boak BB; Atkinson DL; Ensing GJ; Morris CA; Keating MT 《Human molecular genetics》1997,6(7):1021-1028
Supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) is an inherited obstructive vascular
disease that affects the aorta, carotid, coronary and pulmonary arteries.
Previous molecular genetic data have led to the hypothesis that SVAS
results from mutations in the elastin gene, ELN. In these studies, the
disease phenotype was linked to gross DNA rearrangements (35 and 85 kb
deletions and a translocation) in three SVAS families. However, gross
rearrangements of ELN have not been identified in most cases of autosomal
dominant SVAS. To define the spectrum of ELN mutations responsible for this
disorder, we refined the genomic structure of human ELN and used this
information in mutational analyses. ELN point mutations co-segregate with
the disease in four familial cases and are associated with SVAS in three
sporadic cases. Two of the mutations are nonsense, one is a single base
pair deletion and four are splice site mutations. In one sporadic case, the
mutation arose de novo. These data demonstrate that point mutations of ELN
cause autosomal dominant SVAS.
相似文献
20.
Dongari-Bagtzoglou AI; Warren WD; Berton MT; Ebersole JL 《International immunology》1997,9(9):1233-1241
CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor family, is
constitutively expressed by cells of hematopoietic and non- hematopoietic
origin, including fibroblasts. Signaling through this receptor molecule
regulates inflammatory cytokine secretion by many cell types. Based on the
recently described cytokine secretory heterogeneity of fibroblast cell
subsets, we hypothesized that secretion of inflammatory cytokines by
gingival fibroblast cultures may be dictated by the existence of
differential proportions of cytokine- secreting subpopulations which
express high levels of CD40. After examining a large number of gingival
fibroblast (GF) cultures we find that the frequency of IL-6- and
IL-8-secreting cells mirrors the frequency of cells expressing high levels
of CD40 in these cultures. In addition, we demonstrate a direct functional
relationship between CD40 expression and IL-6 or IL-8 secretion by showing
that ligation of this molecule on GF, and CD40+ fibroblast subsets in
particular, up- regulates secretion of these cytokines in vitro.
相似文献