2022 ~ 2023年江苏省地区抗菌药物实施国家集中带量采购的效果分析

目的：分析国家药品集采政策对江苏地区中选抗菌药物的影响。方法：选取第七批国家集中采购的5种抗菌药物,对比江苏地区2022年前三个季度与2023年同期的销售情况,描述性分析抗菌药物集采的实施效果。结果及结论：进行集采后,生产厂家减少、主要生产厂家发生更替;临床上DDDs上升明显,DDDc普遍下降了60%至80%;中选抗菌药物在销售量普遍上升的情况下,销售额平均下降了60%以上,药品价格下降明显。     

小脑参与认知功能机制的研究进展

认知是指人脑为获取和应用知识,将外界信息转化成内在心理活动的复杂过程。自 1998年Schmahmann和Sherman提出“小脑认知-情感综合征”起,小脑认知功能的研究越来越受到关注。 本文通过回顾国内外相关研究,从小脑的解剖与认知功能、小脑的神经网络机制以及交叉性小脑神经 机能联系不能 3 个角度探讨了小脑在认知神经网络中的作用及机制,旨在提高对小脑参与认知功能的 认识。     

The novel infra‐pectineal buttress plates used for internal fixation of elderly quadrilateral surface involved acetabular fractures

ObjectivesIn geriatric acetabular fractures, the quadrilateral surface (QLS) was frequently involved in acetabular fracture patterns and accompanied by medial displacement. It was important to buttress the medial displaced QLS and reconstruct the congruity of the affected acetabulum. To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the novel infra‐pectineal quadrilateral surface buttress plates for the treatment of geriatric acetabular fractures.MethodsTwenty‐three geriatric patients who were treated for acetabular fractures involving QLS with the novel infra‐pectineal buttress plates (NIBP) through a single supra‐ilioinguinal approach between January 2015 and June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed; all patients received at least 1 year''s follow‐up. All patients were aged ≥60 years old and including 18 males and five females. Radiologic and clinical outcomes of patients involved in the study were collated and analyzed according to the Matta scoring system and the Merle D''Aubigné–Postel scoring system. The functional recovery scoring was compared using q‐test.ResultsAll 23 consecutive patients had relatively satisfactory clinical treatment effectiveness. Average ages, length of incision, operation time, and intraoperative blood loss were 69.8 ± 6.1 years, 12.1 ± 2.6 cm, 166.5 ± 43.5 min, and 500 (500,700) ml, respectively. According to the Matta scoring system, 14 cases of reduction were graded as excellent, five as good, and four as fair. At the last follow‐up, the clinical outcome evaluation was excellent in 13 cases, good in seven cases, and poor in three cases with the use of the Merle D''Aubigné–Postel scoring system. The difference of modified Merle D''Aubigne‐Postel score at 3 months, 6 months and last follow up was statistically significant (F = 21.56, p < 0.05). Postoperative lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury occurred in three patients and heterotopic ossification occurred in one patient.ConclusionsFor the treatment of geriatric acetabular fractures, the NIBP could provide stable and effective fixation to the QLS involved acetabular fractures, and related satisfactory clinical results with few complications were noted.     

PXR activation impairs hepatic glucose metabolism partly via inhibiting the HNF4α–GLUT2 pathway

Drug-induced hyperglycemia/diabetes is a global issue. Some drugs induce hyperglycemia by activating the pregnane X receptor (PXR), but the mechanism is unclear. Here, we report that PXR activation induces hyperglycemia by impairing hepatic glucose metabolism due to inhibition of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4α)‒glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) pathway. The PXR agonists atorvastatin and rifampicin significantly downregulated GLUT2 and HNF4α expression, and impaired glucose uptake and utilization in HepG2 cells. Overexpression of PXR downregulated GLUT2 and HNF4α expression, while silencing PXR upregulated HNF4α and GLUT2 expression. Silencing HNF4α decreased GLUT2 expression, while overexpressing HNF4α increased GLUT2 expression and glucose uptake. Silencing PXR or overexpressing HNF4α reversed the atorvastatin-induced decrease in GLUT2 expression and glucose uptake. In human primary hepatocytes, atorvastatin downregulated GLUT2 and HNF4α mRNA expression, which could be attenuated by silencing PXR. Silencing HNF4α downregulated GLUT2 mRNA expression. These findings were reproduced with mouse primary hepatocytes. Hnf4α plasmid increased Slc2a2 promoter activity. Hnf4α silencing or pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN) suppressed the Slc2a2 promoter activity by decreasing HNF4α recruitment to the Slc2a2 promoter. Liver-specific Hnf4α deletion and PCN impaired glucose tolerance and hepatic glucose uptake, and decreased the expression of hepatic HNF4α and GLUT2. In conclusion, PXR activation impaired hepatic glucose metabolism partly by inhibiting the HNF4α‒GLUT2 pathway. These results highlight the molecular mechanisms by which PXR activators induce hyperglycemia/diabetes.Key words: Pregnane X receptor, Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha, Glucose transporter 2, Hepatic glucose uptake, Diabetes, Drug-induced hyperglycemia     

超声诊断颌下腺炎的临床应用

目的探讨超声诊断颌下腺炎的临床应用价值。方法选取101例经手术证实的颌下腺炎的超声图像,分析颌下腺的大小、形态、内部回声及彩色血流情况。结果101例颌下腺炎中,急性炎症2例,慢性炎症99例,超声与手术病理结果符合率为98%。结论超声对颌下腺炎的诊断准确率较高,并能与颌下区占位性病变相鉴别。     

122例非甲状腺来源的颈部囊性肿块临床分析

目的：探讨各种非甲状腺来源的颈部囊性肿块的特点,提高颈部肿块术前诊断的准确性,降低手术的盲目性和风险。方法：回顾性分析1999～2005年收治的非甲状腺来源的颈部囊性肿块122例。结果：资料表明,非甲状腺来源的颈部囊性肿块以先天性来源肿块最为多见,共84例,其中最常见的是甲状舌管囊肿;其次是感染性肿块30例,其中颌下腺囊肿25例;肿瘤来源最少见,共8例。主要根据肿块发生时间的长短,肿块的位置,颈部囊性肿块特异性表现和辅助检查来进行术前诊断。发现肿块的位置没有特殊性。根据某些肿块特征性的体征和穿刺检查,可明确诊断。结论：对非甲状腺来源的颈部囊性肿块,术前尽可能的明确诊断能有效地减少手术盲目性,降低手术并发症。     

黑素瘤患者树突状细胞体外快速培养成熟和临床应用研究

目的：建立从黑素瘤患者外周血体外快速稳定地诱导培养成熟树突状细胞（Dc）的方法。方法：用密度梯度离心法分离患者外周血中分离出的单个核细胞（PBMC）,再用贴壁法获取单个核细胞后加入粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM—CSF）和白介素（IL）-4,随后分4组：第1和第2组分别在24h时加入多聚次黄嘌呤胞嘧啶核苷酸[Poly（I：C）]、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α,继续培养24h,在48h时收集DC;第3和第4组分别在36h时加入Poly（I：C）、TNF—α。继续培养36h,在72h时收获DC。显微镜下观察DC形态,流式细胞术检测DC表型,体外同种混合淋巴细胞反应检测DC刺激T细胞的增殖活性。结果：经GM—CSF、IL-4、Poly（I：C）诱导培养72h获得大量成熟DC,形态学观察可见典型特征,荧光激活细胞分离器（FACS）检测表明。第3组DC高表达CD83、CD80、CD86和CD40;混合淋巴细胞反应（MLR）表明,第3组获得的DC具有较强的刺激同种淋巴细胞增殖能力。获取的成熟DC注射于患者浅表淋巴结后未出现明显不良反应。结论：Poly（I：C）体外诱导人外周血单个核细胞来源Dc成熟的方法具有快速、稳定、经济、安全的特点。培养后DC回输患者体内未出现明显不良反应。     

西拉普利对高血压病人胰岛素抗药性的影响

目的：为探索西拉普利治疗高血压病疗效及其对胰岛素抗药性的影响。方法：采用随机对照法对原发性高血压３０例（男性１６例，女性１４例，年龄４８±ｓ１０ａ），用西拉普利２．５～５．０ｍｇ／ｄ，疗程４ｗｋ。对照组为２０例（男性１１例，女性９例；年龄５２±７ａ），用氢氯噻嗪２５～５０ｍｇ／ｄ，疗程４ｗｋ。结果：西拉普利和氢氯噻嗪都有明显降压作用，但只有西拉普利有改善胰岛素抗药性的效应。结论：西拉普利治疗高血压病人有改善胰岛素抗药性的作用，对糖代谢起良好的影响。     

E-Cad、MMP9血清中的表达与胃癌痰湿证型关系的临床研究

目的立足于肿瘤转移的生物学特性与痰的病理特征相似基础上,探讨痰在肿瘤转移中发挥作用的可能物质基础。方法以酶联免疫吸附法检测胃癌痰湿证型患者30例治疗前后与非痰湿证型患者32例以及健康对照组10例血清中上皮钙黏附分子(E-Cad)、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP9)的表达;痰湿证组服用消痰散结方1个月,非痰湿证组不治疗。观察治疗前后血清中E-Cad、MMP9的表达变化,并与非痰湿组血清中E-Cad、MMP9的表达进行比较对照。结果两种黏附分子表达在痰湿证型与非痰湿证型中的表达均较健康组升高(P<0.05),痰湿组较非痰湿组升高(P<0.05);治疗组治疗后E-Cad的表达明显降低(P<0.05),MMP9的表达有降低趋势,但差异不显著。结论痰在肿瘤转移中发挥作用的途径可能是通过影响黏附分子的表达,两者存在相关性。     

芍甘多苷对四氯化碳亚急性肝损伤大鼠肝细胞线粒体保护作用

目的:探讨芍甘多苷对CCl4,亚急性肝损伤大鼠血清转氨酶、肝脏病理及肝细胞线粒体保护作用.方法:采用CCl4,诱发大鼠亚急性肝损伤,然后灌胃给予不同剂量的芍甘多苷治疗,观察药物对血清ALT,AST,肝脏组织病理,肝细胞线粒体超微结构和ATPase,MDA,SOD的影响.结果:芍甘多苷对CCl4诱发大鼠亚急性肝损伤升高的转氨酶有明显的降低作用,并使形态学上的肝细胞变性和坏死得到明显改善和恢复,能提高线粒体Na+-K+-ATPase,Ca2+-ATPase活性,降低线粒体MDA含量,升高SOD活性,改善线粒体超微病理变化,降低肝细胞线粒体截面面积、周长、等效直径、平均吸光度.结论:芍甘多苷有明显的肝脏保护作用,其机制与减轻线粒体损伤有关.