Rib fractures in children: a marker of severe trauma

The early recognition of life-threatening injury is paramount to the prompt initiation of appropriate care. This study assesses the importance of multiple rib fractures as a marker of severe injury in children. We analyzed physiologic, etiologic, and injury data for 2,080 children with blunt or penetrating trauma aged 0-14 years consecutively admitted to a Level I pediatric trauma center. Analysis of variance, Student's t-test, and the Chi-square test of independence were used to test for differences between children with rib fractures and other children. Probability of survival was modeled using stepwise logistic regression. There were 14 deaths among 33 children with rib fractures, a mortality rate of 42%. Child abuse accounted for 63% of the injuries to children less than 3 years old, while pedestrian injuries predominated among older children. Children with rib fractures were significantly more severely injured than children with blunt or penetrating trauma but without rib fractures. When compared to children without rib fractures, children with rib fractures had a higher mortality rate, but no statistically significant difference in morbidity. The mortality rate for the 18 children with both rib fractures and head injury was 71%. A logistic model with variables measuring severity of head injury and number of ribs fractured correctly predicted survival in more than 85% of children with thoracic trauma. Although rib fractures are rare injuries in childhood, they are associated with a high risk of death. The risk of mortality increases with the number of ribs fractured. The combination of rib fractures and head injury was usually fatal.     

Pilomatrix carcinoma. A new case

We present a new case of Pilomatrix Carcinoma after having review the 22 cases previously published. The tumor arisen in a 74 years old male, in the left preauricular region. The lesion was excised with wide margins. A year after there is not any evidence of recurrence or metastases.     

The health insurance status of US Latino women: A profile from the 1982-1984 HHANES.

OBJECTIVES: This research studied the correlates of health insurance status among three major subpopulations (Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban) of adult (ages of 20 to 64) Latino women. METHODS: Data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES), 1982-1984, were examined to determine the percentages of health insurance coverage among the sample populations and to assess the relationship between access to coverage and selected sociodemographic employment/income, ancestry, and acculturation variables. RESULTS: Variations in health insurance coverage existed by Latina subpopulation. While Puerto Rican women had the highest percentage of any health insurance coverage, Mexican-origin women (particularly those 50 to 64 years old) had the lowest. For all three Latina groups, health insurance coverage was greater among those who reported a family income above the poverty level than among those whose income fell below the poverty level; employment location, acculturation variables, and ancestry were also related to coverage. CONCLUSIONS: Eligibility requirements, particularly for Mexican-and Cuban-origin women, need to be streamlined, and innovative health insurance programs need to be developed to increase access of Latinas to health insurance.     

Pre-adaptation, adaptation and de-adaptation to high altitude in humans: hormonal and biochemical changes at sea level

High altitude residence is known to modify body biochemistry and hormone status. However, the effects of such a sojourn on these status observed at sea level both immediately and later after return are not as well established as are the effects of an intermittent acclimation. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate these changes. To achieve our objectives, nine subjects received intermittent acclimation at low pressure in a barometric chamber (8?h daily for 5 days, day 1 at 4500 m, day 5 at 8500 m) before an expedition to the Himalayas. Hormonal and biochemical changes were studied using samples of venous blood taken at sea level before and after acclimation, after return from the expedition and 1 and 2 months after descent. Concentrations of thyroid hormones, adrenaline, noradrenaline (NA), hormones of hydromineral metabolism (aldosterone, renin, arginine vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide) as well as prolactin, cortisol, insulin and endothelin 1 were measured. Biochemical measurements made were plasma osmolality, and concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol, total proteins, pre-albumin, transferrin, complement 3C, apolipoproteins A₁ and B and serum iron. Acclimation induced no alteration in hormone (except for NA with increases of about 1.5, fold P<0.05) and biochemistry data. After the expedition, hormone responses were characterized by a higher total triidothyronine concentration (+18%, P<0.05) while other hormones did not vary. A linear relationship was found between thyroid-stimulating-hormone and body mass changes after the expedition (r=0.67, P<0.05). The observed increased concentrations of plasma proteins and total cholesterol (P<0.05) could be related to the restoration of lean body mass. At 1 and 2 months after return, no changes in hormones were observed but a significant decrease in transferrin concentration was noticed. The higher serum iron concentration reported after 1 month (P<0.05) could have been the result of a physiological haemolysis. It was concluded that both acclimation and the expedition in the Himalayas affected hormone status and body biochemistry status even though the observed changes were slight and rapidly reversed.     

Seroepidemiological study of hepatitis E virus in different population groups

In order to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus, 1,993 sera (453 from healthy pregnant women, 491 from Moroccan subjects, 492 from blood donors, 321 from children, and 236 from intravenous drug users) were studied. IgG was measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and positive results were confirmed by Western blot. The EIA detected antibodies in 3.96 % of the subjects (5.6 % of the Moroccans and drug users and 1.8 % of the children). Fifty-four percent of these results were confirmed by Western blot, 11.4 % were found to be negative, and 34.2 % indeterminate. The overall prevalence after confirmation by Western blot decreased to 2.15 %. When studying the Western blot pattern of the positive samples, 95 % showed antibodies to SG-3, 65 % to 8–5, and only 9.3 % to CKS fusion protein. In the indeterminate Western blots, the results for these proteins were 96.3 %, 62.9 %, and 37 %, respectively. When the epidemiological data were analysed, no statistically significant differences between women and men or between different age groups were found.