The provision of a time-critical elective surgical service during the COVID-19 Crisis: a UK experience

IntroductionWith the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, all elective surgery was temporarily suspended in the UK, allowing for diversion of resource to manage the anticipated surge of critically unwell patients. Continuing to deliver time-critical surgical care is important to avoid excess morbidity and mortality from pathologies unrelated to COVID-19. We describe the implementation and short-term surgical outcomes from a system to deliver time-critical elective surgical care to patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and methodsA protocol for the prioritisation and safe delivery of time-critical surgery at a COVID-19 ‘clean’ site was implemented at the Nuffield Health Exeter Hospital, an independent sector hospital in the southwest of England. Outcomes to 30 days postoperatively were recorded, including unplanned admissions after daycase surgery, readmissions and complications, as well as the incidence of perioperative COVID-19 infection in patients and staff.ResultsA total of 128 surgical procedures were performed during a 31-day period by a range of specialties including breast, plastics, urology, gynaecology, vascular and cardiology. There was one unplanned admission and and two readmissions. Six complications were identified, and all were Clavien-Dindo grade 1 or 2. All 128 patients had preoperative COVID-19 swabs, one of which was positive and the patient had their surgery delayed. Ten patients were tested for COVID-19 postoperatively, with none testing positive.ConclusionThis study has demonstrated the implementation of a safe system for delivery of time-critical elective surgical care at a COVID-19 clean site. Other healthcare providers may benefit from implementation of similar methodology as hospitals plan to restart elective surgery.     

The efficacy of postoperative pain management with ketorolac for day case oral surgery

The efficacy of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic, ketorolac (Toradol), was investigated in 52 day case patients undergoing removal of impacted third molar teeth under intravenous sedation and local analgesia. The study was double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled. A single 30 mg dose of ketorolac was administered intravenously just prior to induction of sedation with midazolam. Ketorolac was well tolerated and provided good postoperative analgesia. It is suggested that ketorolac is a useful addition to the analgesic armamentarium and appropriately prescribed, provides good pain relief following day case oral surgery.     

Lymphoproliferative response to synthetic V3 loop P18 peptide and HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein among individuals immunized with gp160 candidate vaccines

Because T-cell responses are critical for defense against viral infections, the synthetic P18 peptide (RIQRGPGRAFVTIGK) and active component of gp160 protein has previously been shown to induce cytotoxic and helper T-lymphocyte responses. In order to further define the T-helper cells, responses which are known to play a role in enhancing the immunological response to foreign antigen, we studied the response of individuals immunized with HIV gp160 candidate vaccines. We investigated the proliferative cellular response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) derived from individuals immunized with gp160 antigens in three different protocols. We found a PBMC proliferative response to synthetic P18 peptide in healthy immunized individuals induced by gp160 antigen with or without vaccinia virus. There was correlation between the proliferative response to P18 peptide and other antigens such as HIV-like proteins and gp160 molecule. HLA-DR typing revealed the possible presentation of P18 peptide by several different class II molecules. Since these class II molecules occur frequently in the general population, P18 peptide appears to contain broadly reactive epitopes and thus is presented by mutiple HLA class II molecules. Due to its broad reactivity P18 peptide is one of the candidates for inclusion as a subunit vaccine against HIV-1.     

肿瘤治疗存在的问题及中西医结合的研究重点

目前的肿瘤治疗主要存在以下几个问题：(1)肿瘤的过度治疗普遍存在；(2)急功近利而缺乏长远规划；(3)综合治疗缺乏合理的内涵；(4)缺少有效的个体化治疗方案；(5)对中医药的优势认识不足、发挥不够。中西医结合在肿瘤防治中大有可为，应重点围绕以下几个方面开展研究工作：(1)加强中医对恶性肿瘤基础知识的认识和研究；(2)加强中西医结合治疗肿瘤合理化、规范化方案的研究；(3)加强中西医结合治疗恶性肿瘤疗效标准的研究；(4)加强中西医结合防治肿瘤术后复发、转移的研究。     

Anti‐leukemic activity of valproic acid and imatinib mesylate on human Ph+ ALL and CML cells in vitro

The armamentarium of anti‐leukemic drugs has increased substantially since anti‐leukemic activities were recently found for a variety of non‐classical cytostatic drugs, among them the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid (VPA). This study investigated the effect of VPA on proliferation and apoptosis of human Philadelphia chromosome‐positive (Ph+) acute lymphatic (ALL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells and on colony formation of human chronic‐phase CML progenitor cells. Strong anti‐proliferative and pro‐apoptotic effects of VPA were observed on human ALL and CML cell lines at concentrations achievable in vivo. These effects were most pronounced in ALL cell lines as well as in primary ALL cells. Notably, VPA revealed enhanced activity with imatinib mesylate, nilotinib, the farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH66336, interferon‐alpha and cytosine arabinoside. VPA inhibited the growth of colony‐forming cells from 12 Ph+ chronic‐phase CML patients but also of those from normal healthy controls in a dose‐dependent fashion. HDAC‐inhibiting activity of VPA was confirmed on ALL and CML cells. In conclusion, VPA, whether alone or in combination with other non‐classical anti‐leukemic compounds, exerts significant anti‐leukemic effects on human ALL and CML cells.     

Conceptual issues specifically related to health-related quality of life in critically ill patients

During recent years increasing attention has been given to the quality of survival in critical care. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important issue both for patients and their families. Furthermore, admission to the intensive care unit can have adverse psychological effects in critically ill patients. Recent studies conducted in critically ill patients have measured HRQOL. However, usually absent from such reports are evaluations of conceptual issues, addressing factors such as why HRQOL should be measured in critically ill patients, how to define and standardize domains of HRQOL, whether proxies can provide useful information about HRQOL in critically ill patients, whether response shift occurs in critically ill patients, and whether post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs in critically ill patients. Some studies reported moderate agreement between patients and their proxies, although lower levels of agreement may be reported for psychosocial or physical functioning. Response shift (adaptation and change in perception) appears to be an important phenomenon and likely to be present, but it is seldom measured when estimating HRQOL in critically ill patients. Furthermore, vigilance for symptoms of PTSD and early interventions to prevent PTSD are needed.     

Liver metastasis of a mucinous colonic carcinoma mimicking a haemangioma in T2‐weighted sequences

We report the case of a patient with a single liver metastasis of a mucinous colonic carcinoma that mimics a haemangioma in T2‐weighted sequences. Although a very high T2 signal in non‐cystic lesions is highly specific for the diagnostic of haemangioma, the use of gadolinium‐enhancement MRI is recommended. In patients with a history of neoplasia, the diagnosis of benign liver nodules should be made with caution.     

Visual impairment in severe and profound sensorineural deafness

The frequency of reversible and irreversible visual impairment was determined in children with severe and profound sensorineural deafness, as subnormal vision can adversely affect their educational and social development. Eighty three of 87 such children attending an audiology service were examined to assess the incidence and severity of visual impairment. Each child underwent a detailed ophthalmic assessment. The criteria for visual impairment were visual acuity < 6/9 Snellen or equivalent and/or abnormal binocular vision. Forty five had a normal ophthalmic examination (54.2%). Twenty nine had visual impairment (34.9%) and nine had ophthalmological abnormalities that did not interfere with vision (10.9%). A higher proportion of children with risk factors for visual pathology demonstrated visual impairment than those in whom there were no risk factors. None the less, 44% of visual impairment was among patients without risk factors. The results underline the need to examine all children with severe and profound sensorineural deafness soon after diagnosis and indicate that children with multiple handicaps have a greater likelihood of visual impairment (11 of 14 cases).