The enhancement of the toxic effect of microplastics (MPs) on heavy metals and its mechanism needs more in-depth and systematic research. In this study, the copper (Cu) accumulation, histological injury, and expression of genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy of goldfish after single or combined exposure of MPs (1 mg/L) and Cu2+ (0.1 mg/L) for 7 days were determined. The results demonstrated that MPs enhanced the Cu accumulation in hepatopancreas and intestine of goldfish and induced more severe oxidative stress in the hepatopancreas and intestine of goldfish. Additionally, combined exposure of MPs and Cu induced inflammation, excessive apoptosis and insufficient autophagy in the hepatopancreas. Contrary, the inflammation and apoptosis were depressed in the intestine after combined exposure of MPs and Cu, which still requires further exploration. Hence, these findings provide further evidence for the threat of MPs and its adsorbed heavy metals.
Considering the high incidence of postoperative complications of open fracture, management of this injury is an intractable challenge for orthopaedist, and surgical site infection (SSI) is the devastate one. Screening for high‐risk patients and target them with appropriate interventions is important in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to identify modifiable factors that were associated with SSI following operative treatment of open fractures. This retrospective, multicentre study was conducted at three hospitals. A total of 2692 patients with complete data were recruited between June 2015 and July 2018. Demographic characteristics, operation relative variables, additional comorbidities, and biochemical indexes were extracted and analysed. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to detect the optimum cut‐off value for some variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic analysis models were performed, respectively, to identify the independent risk factors of SSI. The overall incidence of SSI was 18.6%, with 17.0% and 1.6% for superficial and deep infection, respectively. Results of univariate and multivariate analyses showed the following: fracture type, surgical duration > 122 minutes, anaesthesia time > 130 minutes, intraoperative body temperature < 36.4°C, blood glucose (GLU) > 100 mg/dL, blood platelet (PLT) < 288 × 109, and white blood cells (WBC) > 9.4 × 109 were independent risk factors of postoperative wound infection following operative treatment of open fractures. Six modifiable factors such as surgical duration > 122 minutes, anaesthesia time > 130 minutes, intraoperative body temperature < 36.4°C, GLU > 100 mg/dL, PLT < 288 × 109, and WBC > 9.4 × 109 play an important role in the prevention of SSI, and these factors should be optimized perioperatively. 相似文献
A mathematical model for the miniemulsion polymerization initiated by oil‐soluble initiators is described in detail with comparisons to experiment results. The desorption of primary radicals and particle population balance are introduced to illustrate the distribution of radical per particles. The effects of different variable factors including the particle size, surfactant layer, initiator, and aqueous phase inhibitor are considered, and the model predictions coincide well with experiment results under different above‐mentioned conditions. The model is found to be useful in explaining the ongoing debate about the origin of effective radical in miniemulsion polymerization initiated by oil‐soluble initiators. It is found that the effective radicals are originated from the primary radicals desorbed from the particles, and the contribution of the small amount of initiator dissolved in the aqueous phase can be ignored.