Testosterone and estradiol concentrations in paired maternal and cord sera and their correlation with the concentration of chorionic gonadotropin.

Testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) concentrations were determined and correlated with beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) concentrations in 43 paired maternal and cord sera (22 female and 21 male infants). Mean (+/- SD) maternal E2 concentrations were significantly (P less than .005) higher when the sex of the fetus was male than when the sex of the fetus was female (20.6 +/- 3.9 vs 13.5 +/- 3.2 ng/ml). Maternal T concentrations were not significantly different when related to the sex of the fetus (males, 114.8 +/- 60.7 vs females, 113.8 +/- 54.5 ng/100 ml, P greater than .1). Regression analysis did not show a significant correlation between maternal T or E2 concentrations and maternal beta-HCG concentrations. Mean cord serum T and E2 concentrations of male infants were significantly greater than that of female infants (T, 38.8 +/- 8.5 vs 25.8 +/- 7.1 ng/100 ml, P less than .005; E2, 9.1 +/- 3.3 vs 6.6 +/- 2.0 ng/ml, P less than .005). Regression analysis showed a significant (P less than .005) correlation between cord beta-HCG concentrations and E2 concentrations for male infants (r = .7) and female infants (r = .6). A significant correlation between cord beta-HCG concentrations and T concentrations was found for male infants (r = .5; P less than .01) but not for female infants (r = .3; P greater than .05). There was no correlation between maternal and infant E2 concentrations (males, r = .3, P greater than .05; females, r = .3, P greater than .2) or T concentrations (males, r = .02, P greater than 0.4; females, r = .06, P greater than .3). These data (1) confirm the sex difference in cord serum T and E2 concentrations, (2) indicate that the lower beta-HCG concentrations in mothers of male infants are associated with E2 concentrations which are greater than those in mothers of female infants, and (3) are consistent with an influence of beta-HCG on fetal T and E2 secretion.     

Ocular MR imaging and spectroscopy: an ex vivo study

Six eyes, freshly enucleated because of choroidal melanoma, were imaged on a 1.4-T superconducting magnetic resonance (MR) imaging system, and relaxation times were calculated for various parts of the eye. Unfixed fresh tissue samples were obtained for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMRS) on a variable-field (0.19-1.4 T) resistive unit. Detailed ocular anatomy was demonstrated. The NMRS relaxation times correlated with the MR imaging intensity patterns. The sensitivity of MR imaging to states of hydration provides an excellent window for appreciation of ocular anatomy.     

Athlete shoulder injuries: CT arthrographic findings

Forty-three professional and amateur athletes with persistent shoulder pain that interfered with their sports activities were evaluated by computed tomographic (CT) arthrography. In 19 patients, glenohumeral instability (14 anterior, two posterior, three multidirectional) was diagnosed with CT arthrography based on the simultaneous presence of labral and capsular lesions. The findings were crucial in establishing the diagnosis of instability in six patients in whom the condition was not suggested or could not be confirmed clinically. Another significant injury consisted of labral lesions not associated with glenohumeral instability. These tears often involved the anterior and parasuperior segments of this structure. Other, less frequently detected lesions included segmental labral enlargement and several labra with abnormal orientation (everted labrum). Early onset of degenerative disease was present in many athletes, especially those with a long history of sports activity. CT arthrographic findings were correlated with arthroscopic or surgical results in 19 patients.     

No evidence of frequent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in seronegative at-risk individuals

The possible existence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in asymptomatic seronegative at-risk individuals was investigated in a prospective study of 55 seronegative high-risk individuals (42 homosexual men and 13 heterosexual individuals) and 32 seronegative hemophiliacs treated with factor VIII or IX concentrates before viral inactivation by heat treatment and systematic screening of blood donations. Tests used include the polymerase chain reaction assay with three primer pairs (one in the gag region and two in the pol region) and tests for serum p24 antigen, anti-nef serology (Western blot), and five biologic markers frequently altered by HIV infection (CD4 lymphocyte count, serum beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin concentration, and serum IgG and IgA concentration). Although 91 of 92 HIV-1-seropositive persons were positive in testing with at least one primer pair, no positive result was observed in seronegative at-risk individuals or in 117 seronegative low-risk controls. No nef antibody was found in seronegative at-risk individuals or seronegative controls, but 44 (47%) of 92 HIV-1-seropositive persons had nef antibodies. These findings do not support the existence of frequent HIV-1 infection in seronegative at-risk individuals.     

CVA3 Adherence to Hypertension Therapy: The Effect of Initial Drug Choice

Health-care case management places pressure on decision makers to adopt treatment strategies that promote economic efficiency and hence profitability. Traditional costeffectiveness analysis (CEA), where the objective is to calculate cost-effectiveness ratios, can better inform decision making in markets where prices and efficacy vary widely. However, the threshold at which a given therapy becomes economically efficient relative to competing therapies is not evident from cost-effictiveness ratios alone.
OBJECTIVE: To illustrate the use of spatial techniques for identifying efficient treatment options, using statin therapy in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) as a case study.
METHODS: We used a Markov model of CHD epidemiology and treatment to estimate cost-effectivness of 13 statin regimens versus no therapy in secondary prevention of CHD. Comparative efficacy was assessed using data from a recent trial (CURVES) that included these regimens. Patients were assumed to have a history of CHD with risk factors similar to those observed in the trial. CHD event risk was estimated using new subsequent-event risk equations from the Framingham Heart Study. Effectiveness was measured alternatively as gain in life expectancy and CHD events averted.
RESULTS: At usual starting doses, atorvastatin therapy provided the largest life expectancy gain and CHD event avoidance at the lowest cost per life-year gained ($12,900 and $23,400 for men and women, respectively), followed by simvastatin ($17,700 and $31,700), lovastatin ($18,800 and $33,700), pravastatin ($22,600 and $40,200), and fluvastatin ($23,800 and $42,000). Any desired level of effectiveness can be obtained at lowest cost with atorvastatin.
CONCLUSION: Economic efficiency is enhanced when atorvastatin is used to treat some or all patients requiring statin therapy in secondary prevention of CHD.     

Primary headache care delivery by nonspecialists in Brazil

Headaches are common disorders usually examined by nonneurologists. In order to assess how primary headache patients (IHS groups 1, 2, and 3) are generally managed by nonspecialists, 414 patients were asked about their previous headache care. Correct diagnosis had previously been made in only 44.9%, 6.7%, and 26.7% of the migraine, tension-type headache, and cluster headache patients, respectively. The patients underwent 501 investigative procedures motivated by the headache, averaging 1.21 examinations per patient, mostly EEGs. Preventive treatment was largely overlooked irrespective of the headache type. It is concluded that scientific improvements in headache care may be ineffective unless educational programs improve headache knowledge in general.     

MM6 Decision Analysis: What is its Utility for Pharmacoeconomic Analysis?

This session is intended for sharing and comparing computer software applications for research, management, and practice. Software applications will be demonstrated for decision analysis, cost effectiveness analysis, multiattribute utility computation, and assessing patient utilities. Desktop applications, will be discussed. Laptop and handheld computer software will be demonstrated. Pharmacoeconomic software allows data to be analyzed from different perspectives: patient, provider, hospital, managed care, and society. Software models also allow assessment of health care products or services from different quantitative perspectives: cost of illness, cost minimization, cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, and cost-utility. The integration of decision analysis and spreadsheets will also be discussed. Software is utilized to collect information, analyze data, present findings, or educate managers, providers and patients. Pros and cons of each analytical and software approach will be discussed. Participants are encouraged to bring their own laptops to demonstrate their own software or related Internet offerings in an informal roundtable fashion. Software beta versions allowed; "viruses" discouraged.     

A double‐blind,randomized trial of 0.05% betamethasone vs. topical catalase/dismutase superoxide in vitiligo

Background Among all the topical immunomodulators, vitiligo's mainstay therapy includes topical corticosteroids. Many other non‐immune theories have also been suggested for vitiligo's pathogenesis, but the role of oxidative stress has gained more importance in recent years. Objective To compare the effect of topical 0.05% betamethasone vs. catalase/dismutase superoxide (C/DSO). Study design Randomized, matched‐paired, double‐blind trial. Setting Dermatology Section, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. Subjects Patients (aged > 18 years or between 12 and 18 years) with parent's informed consent, with stable or active bilateral vitiligo. Intervention Topical 0.05% betamethasone or C/DSO. Methods Two lesions similar to each other in size were chosen. All assessments were made by two blinded investigators, and photographs were subjected to morphometry analysis. Main outcome Skin repigmentation by digital morphometry. Results Twenty‐five patients were enrolled in the study (21 women and 4 men). Mean age of participants was 40 years (range: 12–74 years). One patient on C/DSO experienced a mild local erythematous papular rash that self‐resolved. At 4 months of therapy, there was no statistical difference on the percentage of repigmentation between betamethasone and C/DSO (5.63% ± 27.9 vs. 3.22% ± 25.8, respectively, P = 0.758). After 10 months of therapy, the percentage of skin repigmentation increased to 18.5 ± 93.14% with betamethasone and to 12.4 ± 59% with C/DSO, but again, we found no statistical differences (P = 0.79). Discussion and conclusions Few studies have described objective methods to evaluate repigmentation among vitiligo patients. Digital morphometry provides an objective assessment of repigmentation in vitiligo. Objective vitiligo repigmentation with topical C/DSO at 10 months is similar to topical 0.05% betamethasone. Although a mild adverse effect was related to the use of C/DSO, such finding was not severe enough to discontinue treatment.