全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3748篇 |
免费 | 267篇 |
国内免费 | 12篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 115篇 |
儿科学 | 167篇 |
妇产科学 | 100篇 |
基础医学 | 456篇 |
口腔科学 | 129篇 |
临床医学 | 427篇 |
内科学 | 539篇 |
皮肤病学 | 69篇 |
神经病学 | 280篇 |
特种医学 | 411篇 |
外科学 | 319篇 |
综合类 | 61篇 |
一般理论 | 1篇 |
预防医学 | 210篇 |
眼科学 | 108篇 |
药学 | 225篇 |
肿瘤学 | 410篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 30篇 |
2020年 | 18篇 |
2019年 | 36篇 |
2018年 | 52篇 |
2017年 | 28篇 |
2016年 | 37篇 |
2015年 | 44篇 |
2014年 | 60篇 |
2013年 | 105篇 |
2012年 | 95篇 |
2011年 | 101篇 |
2010年 | 97篇 |
2009年 | 77篇 |
2008年 | 98篇 |
2007年 | 130篇 |
2006年 | 148篇 |
2005年 | 151篇 |
2004年 | 137篇 |
2003年 | 116篇 |
2002年 | 101篇 |
2001年 | 89篇 |
2000年 | 92篇 |
1999年 | 131篇 |
1998年 | 131篇 |
1997年 | 96篇 |
1996年 | 100篇 |
1995年 | 83篇 |
1994年 | 94篇 |
1993年 | 86篇 |
1992年 | 92篇 |
1991年 | 83篇 |
1990年 | 91篇 |
1989年 | 110篇 |
1988年 | 80篇 |
1987年 | 104篇 |
1986年 | 74篇 |
1985年 | 76篇 |
1984年 | 71篇 |
1983年 | 64篇 |
1982年 | 53篇 |
1981年 | 47篇 |
1980年 | 53篇 |
1979年 | 59篇 |
1978年 | 54篇 |
1977年 | 42篇 |
1976年 | 44篇 |
1975年 | 35篇 |
1974年 | 36篇 |
1973年 | 21篇 |
1970年 | 22篇 |
排序方式: 共有4027条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
61.
62.
Windsor Stuart A.; Tinker Michael H.; Osborne Martin R.; Seidel Albrecht 《Carcinogenesis》1996,17(3):605-608
In the electrofluorescence method, a solution of DNA with covalentlybound polycyclic hydrocarbons is placed in an electric field,and changes in the intensity of polarized fluorescence are observed.Under the correct conditions, these changes can be used to determinea value for the angle between the long axis of the hydrocarbonmolecule and the axis of the DNA helix. For DNA or poly(dA-dT)treated with each stereoisomer of anti-benzo[c]phenanthrenediolepoxide, ranged from 55° to 61°, consistent witha mixture of quasi-intercalated adenine adducts and externallybound guanine adducts. Similar results were obtained with anotherset of fjord-region diolepoxides, derived frombenzo[c]chrysene. Adducts in DNA treated with diolepoxides derivedfrom chrysene, 5-methylchrysene or 6-methylchrysene gave of53°, so the predominant adducts are externally bound, probablyin the minor groove of DNA. 相似文献
63.
Continuous exposure of human breast cancer cells, MCF-7, to interferon-alpha (IFN) induces a state.of non-responsiveness termed as desensitization. mRNA 561 is transiently induced by IFN-alpha in MCF-7 cells, peak cytoplasmic levels are reached by six to twelve hours; the mRNA level declines steadily and is reduced to uninduced levels by forty eight hours. Induction of mRNA 561 was used as an index of responsiveness of cells to IFN-alpha and desensitization was characterized in MCF-7 cells and in MCF-7 cells transfected by the v-H-ras oncogene (MCF-7ras). The kinetics and degree of IFN-mediated induction of mRNA 561 was comparable in both the cell lines. Desensitization was observed in MCF-7 cells and not in MCF-7ras. It was a reversible event, requiring de novo protein synthesis as inclusion of cycloheximide inhibited desensitization. The cellular elements that mediate such a phenomena are elicited by IFNs during the initial phases of IFN action and may be polypeptides. The refractory period, the time after which MCF-7 cells become responsive, was determined to be five days. In conclusion, we demonstrate the use of mRNA 561 induction in evaluating desensitization. Inhibition of protein synthesis or transfection with ras blocks desensitization in MCF-7 cells. 相似文献
64.
J. Graham Sharp James W. Osborne Ph.D. H. F. Cheng K. L. Coop George R. Zimmerman 《European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging》1982,7(1):28-34
Radioiodinated antitumor (Ab-gamma globulins), non-tumor-specific Ab, and R131ISA were used for imaging radiation-induced intestinal tumors in rats. Each agent detected tumors larger than 2 g, but labeled Ab were most efficient in detecting smaller tumors. Tissue distribution studies showed that while purified Ab localized specifically in tumors, unpurified Ab concentrated in the tumor by a mechanism not considered immunological. Localization was variable and the concentration of antitumor Ab reached useful levels only in a small number of cases. The use of high specific activity purified Ab unexpectedly decreased the concentrations of label observed in the tumors when compared with the use of the same activity of low specific activity purified Ab. These results indicated the presence of circulating tumor antigens which were capable of binding the injected Ab. Subsequently, these findings have been substantiated. Thus the animal-to-animal variability could be explained on the basis of differing degrees of interaction of injected Ab with circulating tumor antigens. The usefulness of labeled purified or monospecific antitumor antibodies for tumor imaging and therapy would thus be influenced by the extent of such interactions.This work was presented in part at the Twentieth Annual Meeting of the Radiation Research Society, Portland, Oregon, May, 1972. 相似文献
65.
Grazia Arpino Stephanie J Green D Craig Allred Dannika Lew Silvana Martino C Kent Osborne Richard M Elledge 《Clinical cancer research》2004,10(17):5670-5676
PURPOSE: Preclinical data indicate that expression of the ErbB family of receptors, such as HER-2 and HER-1 (EGFR) may be involved in endocrine resistance. Evidence of resistance from clinical studies has been inconsistent. The present study examined whether HER-2 gene amplification or HER-1 expression predicted response to tamoxifen. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred and forty nine patients had estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer and received daily tamoxifen as initial therapy for advanced disease. HER-2 gene amplification, detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and HER-1 expression, evaluated by immunohistochemistry, was determined on 136 and 204 patients, respectively. RESULTS: HER-2 amplification was correlated with lower ER (P = 0.02), HER-1 positivity (P = 0.004), and HER-2 protein overexpression (P < 0.00001). The response rate was 56% for HER-2 non-amplified versus 47% for HER-2 amplified tumors (P = 0.38), and 58% for HER-1-negative versus 36% for HER-1-positive (P = 0.05). Time to treatment failure (TTF) was 7 months for non-amplified HER-2 tumors and 5 months (P = 0.007) for amplified HER-2 tumors, and there was a trend toward a better overall survival (OS) in patients with non-amplified HER-2 tumors (median 31 versus 25 months, respectively, P = 0.07). For positive versus negative HER-1 tumors, TTF was 4 versus 8 months (P = 0.08) and median survival was 24 versus 31 months (P = 0.41). Combining HER-1 expression and HER-2 gene status, patients with both negative HER-1 expression and non-amplified HER-2 had longer TTF (P = 0.001) and OS (P = 0.03) than if either were positive. In multivariate analysis, HER-2 was not an independent factor for TTF and OS, although HER-1 was significant for TTF only (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with HER-2 amplification and HER-1 expression had lower ER levels and were modestly less responsive to tamoxifen, suggesting that molecular events in addition to those involving the ErbB receptors are important in determining the endocrine-resistant phenotype. 相似文献
66.
Frequency of the ATM IVS10-6T→G variant in Australian multiple-case breast cancer families
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Breast cancer research : BCR》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
67.
Hypospadias trends in two US surveillance systems 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
OBJECTIVE: Hypospadias is a common congenital anomaly, the cause of which is unknown. Unexplained increases in the rates of hypospadias occurred in five European countries in the 1970s and 1980s. We examined data from two birth defects surveillance systems in the United States for evidence of similar trends. METHODOLOGY: The Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) provided birth prevalence rates from 1968 to 1993. The nationwide Birth Defects Monitoring Program (BDMP) provided rates from 1970 to 1993. MACDP data are population-based and could be categorized by the severity of the hypospadias. BDMP data allowed analysis of rate trends for the four census regions of the United States. RESULTS: Data from both surveillance systems showed an approximate doubling of hypospadias rates in the 1970s and 1980s. MACDP data showed that the rate of severe cases increased while the ratio of mild to severe cases decreased. BDMP data showed that hypospadias rates increased markedly in all four regions of the United States. CONCLUSIONS: The observed increases are unlikely to be attributable to increased sensitivity of the surveillance systems or the identification of more mild cases by physicians over time, because either trend would have increased rather than decreased the ratio of mild to severe cases. If real, these trends represent the largest number of cases and the first report of an increase in hypospadias rates outside of Europe. Additional investigation of a possible increase in hypospadias rates is warranted. 相似文献
68.
FJ O'Callaghan AC Clarke H Joffe B Keeton R Martin A Salmon RD Thomas JP Osborne 《Archives of disease in childhood》1998,78(2):159-162
This report highlights the association between tuberous sclerosis and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Ten patients with concurrent diagnoses of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and tuberous sclerosis were identified. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome presented early in life, nine cases being diagnosed in the first year. Eight of the 10 cases were male. In eight cases, the syndrome was associated with supraventricular tachycardias, and in nine with cardiac rhabdomyomata. One child died from cardiac failure secondary to obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract by a rhabdomyoma. Five of nine survivors showed resolution of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome on follow up. The accessory pathway was localised in nine patients from surface electrocardiograms: six children had left sided pathways and three had right sided pathways. 相似文献
69.
Gonzales AJ; Christensen JG; Preston RJ; Goldsworthy TL; Tlsty TD; Fox TR 《Carcinogenesis》1998,19(7):1173-1183
70.
Guo RJ; Wang Y; Kaneko E; Wang DY; Arai H; Hanai H; Takenoshita S; Hagiwara K; Harris CC; Sugimura H 《Carcinogenesis》1998,19(9):1539-1544
Mutations in the transforming growth factor beta type II receptor
(TGFbetaRII) gene have been detected in several human cancer types
exhibiting microsatellite instability. Using intron primers previously
reported for examination of the entire coding region of the TGFbetaRII
gene, 29 sporadic gastric cancers were screened with non-radioactive single
strand conformation polymorphism and subsequent DNA sequencing analysis.
Mutations of the TGFbetaRII gene were detected in three out of 29 tumors
(10%). Two cases showed deletions in a polyadenine tract in both alleles
and was positively associated with replication error. One case had an
insertion of GA dinucleotide sequence in one allele. Mutations of the
TGFbetaRII gene were restricted to exon 3 and other coding regions were not
affected. Loss of heterozygosity was detected by analyzing a polymorphic
site in intron 2. Three out of nine (33%) informative cases, which were all
of intestinal type and advanced cases, showed loss of heterozygosity but
neither TGFbetaRII mutation nor replication error was found in these cases.
Immunoreactivity of TGFbetaRII in tumor tissues was reduced to a different
extent in the gastric cancer with genetically abnormal transforming growth
factor. Although the numbers studied are small, homozygous (A)10 deletion
or loss of heterozygosity of TGFbetaRII is involved in tumorigenesis and
progression of at least some part of sporadic gastric cancer.
相似文献