Clinical Assessment of Gestational Age

There is disagreement among authors as to what criteria are most reliable in assessing postnatal fetal age. A comparison–for objectivity, accuracy, and frequency of use– of specific criteria was made using three independent examiners at different educational levels: a second-year medical student, a perinatal nurse practitioner, and a pediatrics resident. It was shown that trained examiners develop favorite criteria which differ among examiners and thus sacrifice accuracy; however, accurate assessment of fetal age can be accomplished by an examiner with minimum clinical knowledge.     

Working With Parents Through a Devastating Experience-The Birth of a Mongoloid Child

The author believes that professional advice given the parents of a mongoloid infant determines their initial decision on institutionalization. Multidisciplinary counseling by the health team can help parents decide on a course of action that will prove satisfactory in the long run. Consultation should include health t e r n efforts to help parents work through the mourning process and presentation of a) an objective, comprehensive view of the child's condition, b) information on integrating a mongoloid into the family unit, and c) outside resources available to the parents. Deliberation with the parents to help them reach their own decision is essential.     

Difficulties in Immunohaematology : The Weak D Antigen

Background

The Rh blood system is one of the most polymorphic and immunogenic systems known to humans. The expression of Rh blood group antigen is complex. The Rh D antigen is the most important of the antigens that constitute the Rh antigen system. In most cases, D antigen can easily be detected. However, due to variability of expression, weak forms antigen are encountered. The reactivity of weak D with antisera is variable and presents as a problem in blood banking.

Methods

A retrospective analysis for a five-year period was done. Blood samples that were negative for Rh D by immediate spin tube method were tested for weak D antigen by additional lab tests.

Result

Of 34932 serial Rh grouping tests done in our Blood Bank, the incidence of weak D Rh antigen was 0.189%. All these were confirmed by the antiglobulin test.

Conclusion

These patients present as a problem for the blood banker and a curiosity to the clinician. Although uncommon, all health care workers should be aware of this entity to avoid anti D alloimmunisation.Key Words: Weak D, Rh Blood Group     

Drug record discrepancies in an outpatient electronic medical record: frequency,type, and potential impact on patient care at a hemodialysis center

BACKGROUND: Patients who require hemodialysis take many drugs. Electronic drug records may be discrepant with what patients are actually taking. Record discrepancies are a potential source of drug-related problems. We sought to determine the extent to which drug record discrepancies occur in a hemodialysis population. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of patients enrolled in a pharmacist clinic at an outpatient hemodialysis center from August-December 2001. Patients participated in monthly drug interviews conducted by a pharmacist, during which patient drug use was determined. Data collected consisted of patient demographics, drug type, and number of drugs. Drug record discrepancies were classified and assigned a potential drug-related problem. Results were compared with the electronic drug record. Patients with documented drug record discrepancies were compared with those patients for whom no discrepancy was identified. RESULTS: Over the 5-month period, 215 drug interviews were conducted in 63 patients. One hundred thirteen drug record discrepancies were identified in 38 patients (60%). Discrepancies (mean +/- SD 1.7 +/- 1.3, range 1-7) were identified during 65 drug interviews (30.2%). Electronic drug records were discrepant by one drug record, two drug records, and more than two drug records 60.0%, 26.2%, and 13.8% of the time, respectively. Drug record discrepancies placed patients at risk for adverse drug events and dosing errors in 49.6% and 34.5%, respectively, of 113 discrepancies. Patient age negatively correlated with the number of drug record discrepancies identified (r = -0.27, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Drug record discrepancies occur frequently among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Incorporation of a pharmacist into the patient care team may increase the accuracy of the electronic drug record and avert unnecessary drug-related problems.