MPO-ANCA相关性血管炎患者中性粒细胞外捕网与滤泡辅助T细胞间关系的探讨

目的 探讨抗中性粒细胞胞质髓过氧化物酶抗体相关性血管炎(MPO-AAV)患者中性粒细胞外捕网(NET)与滤泡辅助T细胞(Tfh)间关系及意义.方法 选择初诊未治疗的MPO-AAV患者和健康对照者各35例,流式细胞术(FCM)检测所有受试者外周血Tfh占CD4+T细胞分数(Tfh％)、表达 ICOS 的 Tfh 占 CD4+T 细胞分数(ICOS+Tfh％)及Tfh表达ICOS的平均强度(MFI);酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测外周血MPO-ANCA、NET及IL-23水平,收集每例受试者的临床资料,评估每例患者病情活动度(BVAS-V3).结果 与健康对照组比较,MPO-AAV组外周血 Tfh％、ICOS+Tfh％、Tfh 的 MFI、NET 及 IL-23水平均高于对照组[分别为(25.7±3.9)％vs(20.7±5.3)％,P＜0.001;(1.9±1.0)％vs(0.8±0.4)％,P＜0.001;(59.5±10.3)vs(48.7±6.4)(MFI),P＜0.001;(0.6±0.2)vs(0.2±0.1)(吸光度),P＜0.001;(0.753 5±0.201 9)vs(0.237 5±0.087 0)(pg/L),P＜0.001].双变量相关性分析提示MPO-ANCA水平分别与Tfh％及Tfh的MFI呈正相关(分别为r= 0.737,P＜0.001;r = 0.628,P＜0.001),但在多变量线性回归分析显示MPO-ANCA仅与Tfh％相关(P＜0.001).IL-23分别与Tfh％、Tfh的MFI及NET水平呈正相关(分别为:r = 0.475,P = 0.004;r=0.359,P = 0.034;r =0.806,P＜0.001).虽然双变量相关性分析提示Tfh％分别与外周血中NET及IL-23水平呈正相关(分别为:r= 0.714,P＜0.001;r=0.480,P =0.004),但多变量线性回归分析显示Tfh％仅与NET水平呈正相关(P＜0.001),即NET是影响Tfh％的独立因素.同时,结果显示NET与肾损害间存在相关性(r = 0.390,P= 0.021).结论 NET可能通过激活髓样树突状细胞提升Tfh％,以辅助B细胞产生特异性自身抗体 MPO-ANCA 参与 MPO-AAV 发病.     

重症监护室医护人员对潮湿相关性皮肤损伤的知信行水平调查

目的：调查浙江温州地区三甲医院重症监护室医护人员对潮湿相关性皮肤损伤（MASD）的知信行现状,为提高监护室医护人员对MASD知信行水平提出切实可行的建议。方法：采用方便抽样法抽取三家三甲医院160名医护人员作为研究对象,通过一般资料调查表及MASD知信行调查问卷对其进行调查。结果：本研究共发放160份问卷,回收有效问卷共151份,有效回收率为94.38%。医护人员关于MASD知识、态度及行为的得分分别为（43.03±8.38）分、 （23.64±3.24）分和（13.98±3.16）分;不同工龄、职称、受教育程度医护人员知信行得分差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）。结论： 重症监护室医护人员对MASD的态度较积极,知识水平偏低,行为尚欠缺。其中医师对于皮肤问题的重视程度较低,医护人员的合作意识欠缺,对此需开展针对性培训,提高医护人员相关理论知识及合作行为能力,规范MASD的预防及处理方法。     

Recognition of Pain as Another Deficit in Young Males with High Callous-Unemotional Traits

Prior research on callous-unemotional (CU) traits supports a deficit in recognizing fear in faces and body postures. Difficulties recognising others’ emotions may impair the typical behavioural inhibition for violent behaviour. However, recent research has begun to examine other distress cues such as pain. The present study examined emotion recognition skills, including pain, of school-excluded boys aged 11–16 years (N = 50). Using dynamic faces and body poses, we examined the relation between emotion recognition and CU traits using the youth psychopathic traits inventory (YPI) and the inventory of CU traits. Violent delinquency was covaried in regression analyses. Although fearful facial and fearful bodily expressions were unrelated to CU traits, recognition of dynamic pain facial expressions was negatively related to CU traits using the YPI. The failure to replicate a fear and sad deficit are discussed in relation to previous research. Also, findings are discussed in support of a general empathy deficit for distress cues which may underlie the problem behaviour of young males with CU traits.     

Usefulness of contrast enhanced FLAIR imaging for predicting the severity of meningitis

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether contrast enhanced fluid attenuated inversion recovery (CE-FLAIR) imaging can be used to predict the severity of meningitis based on leptomeningeal enhancement (LE) score and cerebrospinal fluid signal intensity (CSF-SI) on CE-FLAIR. We retrospectively analyzed data collected from 43 consecutive patients admitted to our hospital due to meningitis. Clinical factors including initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, CSF glucose ratio, log CSF protein, log CSF WBC, and prognosis were evaluated. The LE score was semi-quantitatively scored, and we evaluated CSF-SI ratio at the interpeduncular or quadrigerminal cisterns on CE-FLAIR. We evaluated the differences in clinical variables, LE scores and CSF-SI ratios between the recovery and the complication group. We assessed the correlation between clinical variables, LE scores and CSF-SI ratios. The values of log CSF protein, CSF-SI ratio, and LE score were significantly higher in the complication group (p value <0.05). GCS score and CSF glucose ratio were significantly lower in the complication group (p value <0.01). The LE scores had significant negative correlation with GCS scores and CSF glucose ratios (p value <0.001). The LE score was significantly positively correlated with the value of log CSF protein and CSF-SI ratio (p value <0.01). The CSF-SI ratio was negatively correlated with GCS score and CSF glucose ratio (p value <0.01). The CSF-SI ratio was positively correlated with the value of log CSF protein (p value <0.05). Our results suggest that LE score and CSF-SI ratio are well correlated with clinical prognostic factors. We may predict the clinical severity of meningitis by using LE scores and CSF-SI ration on CE-FLAIR imaging.     

Nonlinear Trajectory of GFR in Children before RRT

GFR decline in patients with CKD has been widely approximated using linear models, but this linearity assumption is not well validated. We conducted a matched case-control study in children from the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) cohort ages 1–16 years with mild to moderate CKD to assess whether GFR decline follows a nonlinear trajectory as CKD approaches ESRD. Children (n=125) who initiated RRT (cases) during follow-up were individually matched by CKD stage at baseline and glomerular/nonglomerular diagnosis with children (n=125) who remained RRT-free when the corresponding case initiated RRT (controls). GFR trajectories were compared using log-linear and piecewise log-linear mixed effects models adjusted for baseline characteristics. From study entry to 18 months before RRT, GFR declined 7% faster among cases compared with controls. However, GFR declined 26% faster among cases compared with controls (P<0.001) during the 18 months before RRT. Nonlinearity in the rate of kidney function loss, which was shown in this cohort, may preclude accurate clinical prediction of the timing of RRT and adequate patient preparation. This study should prompt the characterization of predictive factors that may contribute to an acceleration of kidney function decline.GFR is a key measurement of kidney function, and the degree of GFR decline over time is a reflection of the severity of CKD progression. GFR decline has been approximated as linear or log-linear in most analyses of progression, an assumption that has been consistent with available data.^1–4 However, many studies rely on relatively short follow-up periods and few repeated measures. Given the convenience of assuming a linear GFR trajectory, which results from the ease of modeling and interpreting linear slopes, few studies have sought to validate the linearity assumption and explore the possibility of nonlinear GFR decline. However, nonlinearity in GFR decline has been observed in some epidemiologic studies,^5–7 and the implications on the risk for adverse outcomes have generated interest.⁸ A CKD cohort study in France found that about one half of its patients experienced nonlinear GFR decline during the last year before dialysis.⁵ A study by Li et al.⁹ used a flexible approach to model nonlinearity in GFR trajectories. Li et al.⁹ found evidence of nonlinear GFR trajectory behavior in adult patients with CKD, and furthermore, the probability of having nonlinear features in an individual trajectory was associated with known risk factors for CKD progression. O’Hare et al.¹⁰ found several distinct nonlinear patterns of GFR decline in the 2 years before dialysis initiation in Veterans Affairs patients.Clinical strategies and subsequent patient response to care could potentially benefit from new insights into the variable paths of progression in patients with CKD.^10,11 The question of whether characterizing the nonlinearity in the GFR trajectory can assist the identification of risk groups for outcomes, such as ESRD, remains unexplored. The implications on future outcomes of an increased rate of GFR decline could inform clinical decisions about screening frequencies, treatment, or preparation for RRT.The Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study is an ongoing cohort study of children with CKD who, at baseline, had an eGFR between 30 and 90 ml/min per 1.73 m³ and were ages 1–16 years. An end point of the study is RRT defined as transplant or dialysis. To determine whether trajectories of GFR accelerate before RRT, we nested a case-control study, in which cases were children observed to have received RRT and controls were children with CKD who remained RRT-free at the time when the corresponding case initiated RRT.There were 147 children who experienced RRT during follow-up. Each case was matched individually to an eligible control at the time of the case occurrence. The matching factors included baseline CKD stage, glomerular/nonglomerular diagnosis, and, through design, the amount of follow-up time from study entry. Matching was done without replacement, and 22 cases were excluded from the analyses, because no appropriate control was available. We used a random sequence to determine the order of matching. The analysis was, thus, based on 125 matched case-control pairs. Demographic and clinical characteristics of cases and controls at baseline are shown in

Microwave coagulation therapy and drug injection to treat splenic injury

Background

The present study compares the efficacy of 915- and 2450-MHz contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)–guided percutaneous microwave coagulation with that of CEUS-guided thrombin injection for the treatment of trauma-induced spleen hemorrhage.

Materials and methods

In a canine splenic artery hemorrhage model with two levels of arterial diameter (A, <1 mm and B, between 1 and 2 mm), hemostatic therapy was performed using 915- and 2450-MHz microwaves and drug injection. Therapy efficacy was measured by comparing bleeding rate, hemostatic time, bleeding index, bleeding volume, and pathology.

Results

The most efficient technique was CEUS-guided 915-MHz percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy in terms of action time and total blood loss. The success rate of the 915-MHz microwave group was higher than that of the 2450-MHz microwave and the drug injection groups (except A level, P < 0.05). Hemostatic time, bleeding index, and bleeding volume were significantly less in the 915-MHz microwave group than those in the 2450-MHz microwave and drug injection groups (P < 0.05). Obvious degeneration and necrosis of parenchyma and large intravascular thrombosis were observed in the cavity of larger vessels in the 915-MHz microwave group, but pathologic changes of light injury could be seen in the other groups.

Conclusions

The present study provides evidence that microwave coagulation therapy is more efficient than thrombin injection for the treatment of splenic hemorrhage. Furthermore, treatment with 915-MHz microwaves stops bleeding more rapidly and generates a wider cauterization zone than does treatment with 2450-MHz microwaves.