肾移植术后肾功能延迟恢复原因及术后血液净化的干预作用

目的：分析肾移植术后常见并发症肾功能延迟恢复的诱因，并观察术后血液净化干预所发挥的临床效应。方法：选择1996—12/2006—12在解放军第三军医大学大坪医院野战外科研究所泌尿外科明确诊断为肾移植术后肾功能延迟恢复的患者193例，其中接受尸肾移植192例，活体肾移植1例，均知情同意。根据患者的临床资料，分析术后肾功能延迟恢复的主要原因。除5例因术前安置腹膜透析管继续采用腹膜透析外，其余均选择血液透析治疗，其中35例穿插接受过连续性肾脏替代治疗或血液透析滤过，8例血浆置换2-5次。终止透析的标准为每日尿量〉1500mL，血肌酐〈300μmol／L。分析术后肾功能延迟恢复的原因，观察接受透析治疗后肾功能延迟恢复患者的临床疗效。结果：193例患者全部进入结果分析。①术后肾功能延迟恢复的病因：急性肾小管坏死89例（46．1％），术后早期低血压42例（21．8％），排斥反应37例（19．2％），动静脉吻合口狭窄9例（4-7％），尿路梗阻8例（4．1％），动脉过长扭曲5例（2．6％），环孢素A肾毒性2例（1．0％），髂内动脉粥样硬化斑块阻塞1例（0．5％）。（④术后肾功能转归：移植肾功能恢复正常者145例（75．1％）；术后3个月血肌酐135-300μmol／L29例（15．3％）；〉300μmol/L15例（7．8％）；因超急性排斥反应切除移植肾2例（1％），肺部重症感染死亡2例（1％）。③术后接受血液透析次数：术后接受血液透析189例，透析1—5次移植肾功能恢复正常20例（13．8％）；6-10次41例（28．3％）；11-20次82例（56．6％）；21-25次2例（1．4％）；〉25次44例，仅1例恢复正常（0．7％），其余43例患者带肾存活。结论：急性肾小管坏死、术后早期低血压和排斥反应是引起肾移植术后肾功能延迟恢复的主要原因。在肾功能延迟恢复患者确定以血液净化为主的方案后，绝大多数移植肾功能可以恢复。     

慢性移植肾失功356例危险因素分析

目的:慢性移植肾失功是导致后期移植肾丧失的重要原因之一,文章拟探讨慢性移植肾失功的相关因素及防治措施。方法:①选择1993-12/2006-12于解放军第三军医大学大坪医院行肾移植术后发生慢性移植肾失功患者356例,回顾性分析其临床资料。②调整免疫抑制剂方案,停服硫唑嘌呤、环孢素A或减少环孢素A30%￣50%剂量,改用他克莫司0.5￣1mg/(kg·d)、霉酚酸酯1￣2g/d、西罗莫司1￣2mL/d等药;控制血糖、血脂、血压,抗凝及补充鱼肝油丸;服用雷公藤、百令胶囊或尿毒清等中药,给予低蛋白、低磷及高维生素、氨基酸饮食;必要时手术切除移植肾。③分析肾移植术后发生慢性移植肾失功的危险因素并观察其治疗结果。结果:①慢性移植肾失功的危险因素:急性排斥反应254例(71.35%),巨细胞病毒感染65例(18.26%),移植肾肾小球肾炎21例(5.9%),药物中毒(环孢素A/他克莫司)9例(2.53%),高血压/高血脂/高血糖5例(1.41%),肾单位减少(高龄供肾/性别差异)2例(0.56%)。②治疗结果:切除移植肾194例(54.49%),带肾存活、恢复血液透析87例(24.44%),经治疗血肌酐维持在200￣300μmol/L63例(17.70%),死亡12例(3.37%)。结论:急性排斥反应是引起肾移植术后慢性移植肾失功的主要因素。提高供肾质量,严格组织配型,减少移植肾功能延迟恢复的发生,制定个体化免疫方案,定期监测药物浓度及肝肾功能,预防巨细胞病毒感染,可减少慢性移植肾失功的发生。     

Quantification of MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the mouse substantia nigra by laser capture microdissection

The neurotoxin MPTP is widely used to cause damage to the dopaminergic system in rodents and non-human primates to model various aspects of Parkinson's disease. In mice, depletion of striatal dopamine is the commonly used endpoint to assess neuronal damage. However, it has proved technically challenging to quantify dopaminergic cell bodies as an index of neuronal integrity. To meet this challenge, we applied laser pressure catapult microdissection (LCM) of the substantia nigra in combination with quantitative Western blot to provide an index of dopamine neurodegeneration in mice treated with MPTP. Seven days following initiation of MPTP treatment, striatal dopamine depletion was maximal and there was histological evidence of neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra. To index the integrity of dopamine cell bodies, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and beta-actin were quantified by Western blot in LCM extracts. In untreated mice, TH was detected in LCM extracts of substantia nigra but was undetectable in equivalently sized extracts of cortex from the same animals. In MPTP-treated mice, there was a significant 70% reduction in TH relative to beta-actin in LCM extracts as compared to vehicle-injected controls. This reduction corresponded to decreases in striatal dopamine and loss of immunocytochemically detected TH but not beta-actin in the substantia nigra (SN). Thus, this method provides a quantitative means to measure dopamine neuron toxicity in the substantia nigra and, as such has potential application in evaluating regimens that may be neuroprotective or neurorestorative for dopaminergic neurons.     

PDE4B polymorphisms and decreased PDE4B expression are associated with schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a complex genetic underpinning and variations in a number of candidate genes have been identified that confer risk of developing the disorder. We report in the present studies that several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a two-SNP haplotype in PDE4B are associated with an increased incidence of schizophrenia in two large populations of Caucasian and African American patients. The SNPs in PDE4B associated with schizophrenia occur in intronic sequences in the vicinity of a critical splice junction that gives rise to the expression of PDE4B isoforms with distinct regulation and function. We also observed specific decreases in phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) isoforms in brain tissue obtained postmortem from patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. PDE4B metabolically inactivates the second messenger cAMP to regulate intracellular signaling in neurons throughout the brain. Thus, the present observations suggest that dysregulation of intracellular signaling mediated by PDE4B is a significant factor in the cause and expression, respectively, of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and that targeting PDE4B-regulated signaling pathways may yield new therapies to treat the totality of these disorders.     

薄层扫描法测定熊胆引流物中胆汁酸含量

熊胆向以贵重药材闻名,被称之为稀有药品,为开发熊胆资源,解决熊胆奇缺问题,我校解剖教研室已成功地完成了人工引流熊胆汁技术,可随时进行人工引流获取熊胆汁。为了确定胆汁的质量指标,了解其主要成分,我们进行了引流胆汁与天然熊胆的分析。文献报道,熊胆中主要含熊去氧胆酸(ursodesoxycholic acid,UDCA)、鹅去氧胆酸(cheno desoxycholic acid,CDCA)、胆酸(cholic acid,CA)、去氧胆酸(deoxycholic,acid DCA)等。     

Iwo Jima: 50th anniversary surprise

Retained metal fragments frequently are visualized in x-ray examinations of wounded combat veterans. Retained projectiles (bullets) are seen less often because of surgical removal.