Denosumab对绝以后骨质疏松妇女发生骨折的预防作用

背景及目的：Denosumab为一种人类单克隆抗体,它是核因子B配体(TANK)的受体激活剂(RANKL),RANKL,能够阻断该受体与RANK结合,从而抑制破骨细胞的生长及作用,减少骨的再吸收,增强骨密度.本研究分析了该药物对绝经后妇女骨质疏松症的预防作用.     

Spatial deficits in a mouse model of Parkinson disease

Rationale Accumulating evidence in humans demonstrated that visuo-spatial deficits are the most consistently reported cognitive abnormalities in Parkinson disease (PD). These deficits have been generally attributed to cortical dopamine degeneration. However, more recent evidence suggests that dopamine loss in the striatum is responsible for the visuo-spatial abnormalities in PD. Studies based on animal models of PD did not specifically address this question. Objectives Thus, the first goal of this study was to analyze the role of dopamine within the dorsal striatum in spatial memory. We tested bilateral 6-OHDA striatal lesioned CD1 mice in an object–place association spatial task. Furthermore, to see whether the effects were selective for spatial information, we measured how the 6-OHDA-lesioned animals responded to a non-spatial change and learned in the one-trial inhibitory avoidance task. Results The results demonstrated that bilateral (approximately 75%) dopamine depletion of the striatum impaired spatial change discrimination. On the contrary, no effect of the lesion was observed on non-spatial novelty detection or on passive avoidance learning. Conclusions These results confirm that dopamine depletion is accompanied by cognitive deficits and demonstrate that striatal dopamine dysfunction is sufficient to induce spatial information processing deficits.     

Circumumbilical pyloromyotomy in the era of minimally invasive surgery

Background/purpose

No studies have investigated the cosmetic outcome of current approaches to pyloromyotomy in infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the final appearance of the scar in patients undergoing circumumbilical pyloromyotomy.

Methods

During a 16-year period, 86 infants underwent circumumbilical pyloromyotomy at our institution. A detailed questionnaire was created to document the family members' perceptions of the esthetic appearance of the scar. Data were collected by telephone interview and at clinic visit. In addition, cosmesis was assessed by 5 staff members who scored blindly the esthetic outcome of the scars with comparative photographs, using a categorical scale.

Results

Fifty-seven families were tracked by telephone contact. In the family questionnaire, 100% of families reported an excellent or good scar. Of these, forty-one (72%) were available for cosmetic assessment. Follow-up ranged between 5 months and 15 years (mean, 6 years). The panel members ranked the scar, on average, as excellent or good for 90% of the patients. No assessor stated that a scar was unacceptable. Intra- and interobserver agreement was 0.72 and 0.78, respectively.

Conclusions

Overall satisfaction with the cosmetic outcome of circumumbilical pyloromyotomy is very high.     

The eyelid crease approach to angular dermoid cysts in pediatric general surgery

Purpose

We recently adopted an approach described by eyelid surgeons for angular dermoid cyst excision. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of this technique with that accomplished through a conventional trans-eyebrow incision.

Methods

Prospective nonrandomized study of 34 consecutive children treated between January 2000 and December 2006. Twenty-six patients (group I) were operated on through a trans-eyebrow incision, whereas 8 (group II) received an upper eyelid crease incision. Performance measures included cosmesis, operative time, and complications. Cosmesis was assessed blindly with comparative photographs, using a 100-mm visual analog scale.

Results

No significant differences were found between groups I and II with regard to age at surgery (22 ± 17 vs 24 ± 4 months; P = .07) and operative time (42 ± 21 vs 40 ± 16 minutes; P = .9). In group II, the scar resulted invisible when the affected side was assessed with the eye open and still significantly better than group I, when evaluated with the eye closed (96 ± 7 vs 81 ± 18 mm; P = .0001). All patients and their families reported great satisfaction and an excellent scar. There were neither major postoperative complications nor recurrence of the lesion.

Conclusions

Angular dermoid cyst excision using an eyelid crease approach yields excellent cosmesis and represents a safe, simple, and easily reproducible procedure in pediatric general surgical practice.     

Identification and chromosome mapping of loci predisposing to colorectal cancer that control Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and progression of early lesions in the rat

Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health concern worldwide. Epidemiologic evidence suggests a polygenic predisposition to CRC, but the genes responsible remain unknown. Here, we performed genome-wide scanning of male (ACI/SegHsd x Wistar-Furth)F2 (AWF2) rats to map susceptibility genes influencing the evolution of early colorectal lesions to adenocarcinoma following 1,2-dimethylhydrazine administration. Phenotypic analysis revealed higher incidence/multiplicity and lower size of adenomas in ACI/SegHsd (ACI) and (ACI/SegHsd x Wistar-Furth)F1 (AWF1) than Wistar-Furth (WF) rats and higher incidence/multiplicity of poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas in WF than ACI rats, with intermediate values in AWF1 rats. Linkage analysis of 138 AWF2 rats identified three loci on chromosomes 4, 15 and 18 in significant linkage with lesion multiplicity that were identified as rat Colon cancer resistance (rCcr) 1, rCcr2 and rCcr3, respectively. Seven other loci on chromosomes 5, 6, 15, 17, 18 and 20 were in suggestive linkage with adenoma/adenocarcinoma multiplicity/surface area. Six of them were identified as rCcr4-9 and a locus on chromosome 5 was identified as a susceptibility locus, rCcs1. Significant interactions between rCcr3 and rCcr6, rCcr6 and rCcr8 and rCcr5 and rCcr9, and four novel epistatic loci controlling multiplicity/size of colorectal lesions were discovered. Apc, located at rCcr3, did not show functional promoter polymorphisms. However, influence of susceptibility/resistance genes on Wnt/beta-catenin pathway was shown by defective beta-catenin inactivation in WF but not in ACI and AWF1 rat adenocarcinomas. These data indicate that inheritance of predisposition to CRC depends on interplays of several genetic factors, and suggest a possible mechanism of polygenic control of CRC progression.