Feeding of a well‐cooked beef diet containing a high heterocyclic amine content enhances colon and stomach carcinogenesis in 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine‐treated rats

Epidemiologic studies have linked the consumption of red meat and the consumption of highly browned meats containing high levels of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) to increased risk of colorectal cancer or polyps. The present study determined the effects of long‐term feeding of beef‐containing diets with low and high levels of HCAs (in the context of a low or high beef tallow diet) on a standard 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH)‐induced colon tumorigenesis protocol. Very lean beef was cooked by a variety of methods at different temperatures, and the levels of the major HCAs (2‐amino‐3,8‐dimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoxaline, 2‐amino‐3,4,8‐trimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoxaline, and 2‐amino‐l‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐f]pyridine) were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatogra‐phy. Diets incorporating beef containing low or high levels of HCAs were fed for 12 weeks, during which DMH was administered to induce colon tumors, followed by various dietary regimens as promotional stimuli. Feeding of a beef diet high in HCAs resulted in more DMH‐induced colon adenocarcinomas, but only in the context of a low‐fat diet. The high‐HCA diets increased stomach tumors in all DMH‐treated rats. An apparent interaction of high HCA with a high fat level reduced the colon tumor incidence and tumor numbers in those diets containing both factors. These results support the epidemiologic data linking well‐cooked meat to increased risk for colon and stomach cancer, but the role of dietary fat level remains puzzling.     

A Three-Dimensional Developmental Measurement of the Temporomandibular Joint

This article presents an anthropologic study of the growth and developmental changes that occur within the bony components of the temporomandibular joint. The material used was provided by the Department of Physical Anthropology of the Smithsonian Institution Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.

Based on a Class I normal occlusion, the authors selected a total of 100 skulls with mandibles from the Aleutian Islands collection. These skulls, which were from 2-to 20-year-old subjects, were divided into four age groups. The approximate age of each skull was determined by charts based on eruption sequence, the number of permanent teeth present, and suture closure.

Anatomic landmarks and anthropologic techniques were used to make direct linear measurements on the bony components of the 200 temporomandibular joints. Three-dimensional measurements were made on the condyles, fossae, and articular eminences of each skull.

Several variables were chosen for statistical analysis: (1) The size of the individual components of the TMJ within each age group. (2) The changes with age in the anteroposterior, medial-lateral, and vertical dimensions of the individual TMJ components. (3) Asymmetries in size between the right and the left TMJ components. (4) The interrelationship of the individual TMJ components as seen in their growth changes.

The results obtained from the various measurements used in this study were compared to the findings of a number of earlier studies.     

The contribution of self‐help/mutual aid groups to mental well‐being

This article explores the contribution of self‐help/mutual aid groups to mental well‐being. Self‐help/mutual aid groups are self‐organising groups where people come together to address a shared a health or social issue through mutual support. They are associated with a range of health and social benefits, but remain poorly understood. This article draws on data from stage one of ESTEEM, a project which runs from 2010 to 2013. Stage one ran from 2010 to 2011 and involved participatory, qualitative research carried out in two UK sites. Twenty‐one groups were purposively selected to include a range of focal issues, longevity, structures and ethnic backgrounds. Researchers carried out 21 interviews with group coordinators and twenty group discussions with members to explore the groups' purpose, nature and development. Preliminary analysis of the data suggested that mental well‐being was a common theme across the groups. Subsequently the data were re‐analysed to explore the groups' contribution to mental well‐being using a checklist of protective factors for mental well‐being as a coding framework. The findings showed that groups made a strong contribution to members' mental well‐being by enhancing a sense of control, increasing resilience and facilitating participation. Group members were uplifted by exchanging emotional and practical support; they gained self‐esteem, knowledge and confidence, thereby increasing their control over their situation. For some groups, socio‐economic factors limited their scope and threatened their future. The article provides an evidence‐base which illustrates how self‐help/mutual aid groups can enhance mental well‐being. If supported within a strategy for social justice, these groups enable people with varied concerns to develop a tailored response to their specific needs. The authors suggest that policy‐makers engage with local people, investing in support proportionate to the needs of different populations, enabling them to develop their own self‐help/mutual aid groups to enhance their sense of mental well‐being.     

CXCL1 can be regulated by IL-6 and promotes granulocyte adhesion to brain capillaries during bacterial toxin exposure and encephalomyelitis

Background  

Granulocytes generally exert protective roles in the central nervous system (CNS), but recent studies suggest that they can be detrimental in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most common model of multiple sclerosis. While the cytokines and adhesion molecules involved in granulocyte adhesion to the brain vasculature have started to be elucidated, the required chemokines remain undetermined.