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This article gives an overview of genetic and environmental risk factors for schizophrenia. The presence of certain molecular, biological, and psychosocial factors at certain points in the life span, has been linked to later development of schizophrenia. All need to be considered in the context of schizophrenia as a lifelong brain disorder. Research interest in schizophrenia is shifting to late childhood/early adolescence for screening and preventative measures. This article discusses those environmental risk factors for schizophrenia for which there is the largest evidence base. 相似文献
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Philip S. Hall Colin I. O’Donnell Verghese Mathew Santiago Garcia Anthony A. Bavry Subhash Banerjee Hani Jneid Ali E. Denktas John C. Giacomini Paul M. Grossman Kul Aggarwal Jeffrey M. Zimmet Elaine E. Tseng Leo Gozdecki Lucas Burke Stefan C. Bertog Maurice Buchbinder Mary E. Plomondon Kendrick A. Shunk 《JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions》2019,12(21):2186-2194
ObjectivesThis study sought to describe clinical and procedural characteristics of veterans undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) within U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) centers and to examine their association with short- and long-term mortality, length of stay (LOS), and rehospitalization within 30 days.BackgroundVeterans with severe aortic stenosis frequently undergo TAVR at VA medical centers.MethodsConsecutive veterans undergoing TAVR between 2012 and 2017 were included. Patient and procedural characteristics were obtained from the VA Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking system. The primary outcomes were 30-day and 1-year survival, LOS >6 days, and rehospitalization within 30 days. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between pre-procedural characteristics and LOS and rehospitalization.ResultsNine hundred fifty-nine veterans underwent TAVR at 8 VA centers during the study period, 860 (90%) by transfemoral access, 50 (5%) transapical, 36 (3.8%) transaxillary, and 3 (0.3%) transaortic. Men predominated (939 of 959 [98%]), with an average age of 78.1 years. There were 28 deaths within 30 days (2.9%) and 134 at 1 year (14.0%). Median LOS was 5 days, and 141 veterans were rehospitalized within 30 days (14.7%). Nonfemoral access (odds ratio: 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10 to 2.74), heart failure (odds ratio: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.83 to 3.44), and atrial fibrillation (odds ratio: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.95) were associated with increased LOS. Atrial fibrillation was associated with 30-day rehospitalization (hazard ratio: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.22 to 2.63).ConclusionsVeterans undergoing TAVR at VA centers are predominantly elderly men with significant comorbidities. Clinical outcomes of mortality and rehospitalization at 30 days and 1-year mortality compare favorably with benchmark outcome data outside the VA. 相似文献
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Hill VR Cohen N Kahler AM Jones JL Bopp CA Marano N Tarr CL Garrett NM Boncy J Henry A Gómez GA Wellman M Curtis M Freeman MM Turnsek M Benner RA Dahourou G Espey D DePaola A Tappero JW Handzel T Tauxe RV 《Emerging infectious diseases》2011,17(11):2147-2150
During the 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti, water and seafood samples were collected to detect Vibrio cholerae. The outbreak strain of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 serotype Ogawa was isolated from freshwater and seafood samples. The cholera toxin gene was detected in harbor water samples. 相似文献