Spigelman stage IV duodenal polyposis does not precede most duodenal cancer cases in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis

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Induction of proliferation of B prolymphocytic leukemia cells by phorbol ester and native or recombinant interferon-gamma

Phorbol ester phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induces proliferation in nonmalignant human B cells and B cells from a patient with B prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL). Mitogen-free T cell-derived conditioned medium acts synergistically with PMA in inducing proliferation of B-PLL cells but does not enhance the PMA-stimulated outgrowth of nonmalignant B cells. Interleukin 2 (IL-2) has no effect on the outgrowth of B-PLL cells, and monoclonal antibodies against the IL-2 receptor do not influence the response to PMA and conditioned medium. Recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), in contrast, is a potent enhancer of PMA-induced proliferation of B-PLL cells. With gel filtration techniques and with the use of anti-IFN-gamma antibodies, it is shown that IFN-gamma in the conditioned medium is responsible for the observed increase in B-PLL cell proliferation. Preincubation of B- PLL cells with IFN-gamma induces responsiveness to PMA, whereas IFN- gamma alone had no effect on these cells when pretreated with PMA. The combined data show that, in the presence of PMA, native and recombinant IFN-gamma are growth factors for B cells from a B-PLL patient and that IL-2 is not involved in this process.     

Localization of CGRP Receptor Components, CGRP, and Receptor Binding Sites in Human and Rhesus Cerebellar Cortex

The cerebellum is classically considered to be mainly involved in motor processing, but studies have suggested several other functions, including pain processing. Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide involved in migraine pathology, where there is elevated release of CGRP during migraine attacks and CGRP receptor antagonists have antimigraine efficacy. In the present study, we examined CGRP and CGRP receptor binding sites and protein expression in primate cerebellar cortex. Additionally, mRNA expression of the CGRP receptor components, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), was examined. In addition, expression of procalcitonin was studied. We observed high [³H]MK-3207 (CGRP receptor antagonist) binding densities in the molecular layer of rhesus cerebellar cortex; however, due to the limit of resolution of the autoradiographic image the exact cellular localization could not be determined. Similarly, [¹²⁵I]CGRP binding was observed in the molecular layer and Purkinje cell layer of human cerebellum. CLR and RAMP1 mRNA was expressed within the Purkinje cell layer and some expression was found in the molecular layer. Immunofluorescence revealed expression of CGRP, CLR, and RAMP1 in the Purkinje cells and in cells in the molecular layer. Procalcitonin was found in the same localization. Recent research in the biology of cerebellum indicates that it may have a role in nociception. For the first time we have identified CGRP and CGRP receptor binding sites together with CGRP receptor expression through protein and mRNA localization in primate cerebellar cortex. These results point toward a functional role of CGRP in cerebellum. Further efforts are needed to evaluate this.     

FK506 in combination with methotrexate for the prevention of graft- versus-host disease after marrow transplantation from matched unrelated donors

The safety and potential efficacy of FK506 in combination with a short course of methotrexate (MTX) for the prevention of acute graft-versus- host disease (GVHD) after marrow transplantation from HLA-matched unrelated donors was evaluated in a single-arm Phase II study conducted at two centers. Forty-three patients, 15 to 54 (median 41) years of age, were transplanted for hematologic malignancies. Thirty-seven of 43 evaluable patients had evidence of sustained marrow engraftment. Five patients died before day 17 after transplantation. The median time to an absolute neutrophil count of > 0.5 x 10(5)/L was 21 (range, 14 to 30) days. Nephrotoxicity (serum creatinine concentration > 2 mg/dL or doubling of baseline) occurred in 32 patients (74% cumulative incidence during the first 100 days after transplant). Other adverse effects included hypertension (n = 27), hyperglycemia (n = 27), neurotoxicity (n = 9) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (n = 2). Severe veno- occlusive disease of the liver occurred in 9 (21%) of the 43 patients. Eighteen patients (42%) developed grades II to IV acute GVHD and five (12%) developed grades III to IV acute GVHD. Twelve of 25 evaluable patients developed extensive chronic GVHD within 1 year of marrow transplantation resulting in an estimate of the probability of developing this complication of 48%. The cumulative incidence of transplant-related mortality during the first 100 days was 37%. Kaplan- Meier estimates of disease-free survival at 2 years for good-risk, poor- risk, and all patients were 65%, 4%, and 32%, respectively. FK506 in combination with a short course of MTX appears active in preventing acute GVHD after marrow transplantation from unrelated donors. Further studies comparing the combination of FK506 and MTX with cyclosporine and MTX for the prevention of acute GVHD are warranted.     

Ca2+ and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) activity is not necessarily required for secretion by human neutrophils

Ca2+-dependent and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (PKC) is a receptor for and is activated by phorbol esters. This enzyme is reportedly involved in the mechanism of superoxide anion (O2-) production and the release of intracellular granule contents from human neutrophils. As previously reported by others, we found that greater than 75% of the total cellular PKC activity existed in a soluble form in untreated neutrophils and that this activity was enhanced in a dose- dependent manner by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and by phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu). Furthermore, mezerein, an analogue of PMA that is thought to be a competitive inhibitor, did not activate PKC, and on the contrary, inhibited PMA-stimulated activity in a dose- dependent manner. Pretreatment of intact neutrophils with PMA or PDBu caused the "translocation" of PKC activity to the insoluble cell fraction; PKC translocation was not detected after mezerein stimulation at any of the tested concentrations. Neither did mezerein cause an increase in intracellular Ca2+, as monitored by Quin 2 fluorescence. Both phorbol esters and mezerein stimulated intact neutrophils to generate O2- and release lysosomal enzymes into the extracellular medium. Finally sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis demonstrated key differences in the patterns of endogenous phosphoproteins of neutrophils stimulated with phorbol as compared with mezerein. We therefore suggest that PKC activation may not be the only pathway required to elicit neutrophil responses.     

低频率抗Mur抗体引起溶血性输血反应的调查研究

目的研究抗Mur抗体血型血清学特征，调查其在输血医学中临床意义。方法对2例患者的血清，与已知血型的试剂红细胞和4个已知Mur抗原，在盐水介质、低离子间接抗球蛋白介质，分析鉴定出其抗体的特异性。结果这2例患者与已知血型的试剂红细胞在多种反应介质中的反应结果显示患者血清中含有抗Mur抗体，患者血清与4个已知Mur抗原的反应证实该例抗体只与Mur抗原反应。结论该例同种抗体为特异性抗Mur抗体，在临床会引起溶血性输血反应。在东方人群中Mihenberger血型抗体常规筛选鉴定值得探讨。     

几种表面活性剂对P-gp底物罗丹明123经肠黏膜透过性的影响

 目的观察低浓度表面活性剂聚氧乙烯蓖麻油,Labrasol和聚山梨酯80对肠黏膜P-gp的调控作用。方法使用体外扩散池法评价罗丹明123(R123)经空肠、回肠和结肠黏膜的经时经吸收方向和分泌方向的透过量和透过系数(P_app),并测定不同浓度表面活性剂对R123和荧光素钠(CF)经肠黏膜透过性的影响。R123和CF在接受室中的浓度用荧光分光光度法测定。结果R123经肠道黏膜的透过性存在部位差,即以空肠、回肠和结肠的次序透过性依次减少。另一方面,R123经肠道分泌方向的透过性显著地高于其吸收方向的透过性。低浓度的CEL和Labrasol可显著增强R123经吸收方向的透过性,减少经分泌方向的透过性;而低浓度的聚山梨酯80可显著增强R123经吸收方向的透过性,但对经分泌方向的透过性无显著影响。但实验浓度的表面活性剂对CF的肠道转运没有影响。结论低浓度的聚氧乙烯蓖麻油、Labrasol和聚山梨酯80可通过对P-gp功能的抑制而用于改善受P-gp介导药物的吸收,有望提高此类药物的口服生物利用度。     

蒙成药嘎日迪-5味丸方源考证及其现代研究进展

目的：对蒙药嘎日迪-5味丸的方源考证及其现代研究进展进行综述,为该复方的进一步开发与利用提供依据。方法:采用蒙医文献研究与考证、文献综述方法,从基源、方解、临床应用以及化学成分等方面对蒙药嘎日迪-5味丸研究现状进行总结和分析。结果:蒙药嘎日迪-5最早收载于藏医学家宇妥·云丹贡布于公元8世纪下旬撰写的藏医经典著作《四部医典》,属于蒙药、藏药传统验方,由诃子、麝香、草乌（制）、石菖蒲、木香配伍组成,其他处方都是在使用的过程中,根据临床应用演变而来,具有杀黏、止痛、消肿、燥协日乌素功效。蒙医临床用于治疗黏引起的瘟疫热症、黏虫病、黏性刺痛、维生素C缺乏病、风湿、白喉炭疽、瘰疬疮疡、正偏头痛、疥癣等疾病,疗效显著。结论:蒙药嘎日迪-5方出自《四部医典》,属传统验方,对瘟疫热症、黏虫病、黏性刺痛等黏性疾病疗效显著,具有潜在的开发利用价值。