The erythrocyte alloimmunisation in patients with sickle cell anaemia: a systematic review

Transfusion therapy is a common practice in the treatment of anaemia and can cause erythrocyte alloimmunisation. To systematise data related to erythrocyte alloimmunisation in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), a bibliographic search was carried out in September 2017 to search for studies in four electronic databases. (i) Referring to the original work, (ii) being cohort or case–control, (iii) having been developed with individuals with SCD and (iv) having evaluated the erythrocyte alloimmunisation. Two reviewers identified the articles for inclusion in the study, extracted the predetermined data and carried out the evaluation of the methodological quality of the work. 21 studies were selected; the studies included data on 20 636 individuals (children and adults), were mostly published in the last 10 years, were developed in the United States and had high methodological quality. The occurrence of erythrocyte alloimmunisation ranged from 4·4 to 76%, and there was a higher rate of alloimmunisation against antigens of the Rh system. The risk factors for alloimmunisation were age; gender (female); red blood cell (RBC) units received; presence of ≥1 autoantibodies, TNF‐α, interleukin (IL1B), human leukocyte antigens (HLA)‐DRB1 gene polymorphisms; first blood transfusion (BT) after 5 years of age, transfusion episodic, multiple or during inflammatory events, acute chest syndrome (ACS) and vase‐occlusive crisis (VOC); increased percentage of CD41 T memory cells; and positive direct antiglobulin test. Transfusion policies should be developed to protect the patient and his or her health based on the main factors associated with its incidence.     

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for Monitoring Non-surgical Treatments of Uterine Fibroids: A Systematic Review

Non-surgical treatment options for uterine fibroids are uterine artery embolization (UAE), high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation (HIFUA), and percutaneous microwave ablation (PMWA). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the reference standard imaging method before and after these procedures. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been studied as an alternative to MRI for evaluating the fibroids’ characteristics and responses to non-surgical treatments. PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE and Scopus databases were searched for literature published from January 2000 through June 7, 2020, that investigated the application of CEUS as an adjunct to monitor UAE, HIFUA or PMWA in human uterine fibroid treatments. Two independent reviewers analyzed 128 publications, out of which 17 were included. Based on this systematic review, CEUS provides detailed data about fibroid volume and vascularization prior, during and post UAE, and it helps determine the endpoint of the procedure. HIFUA with intra-procedural CEUS has faster volume shrinkage over a shorter time period with less needed energy and provides early detection of residual tissue after HIFUA. CEUS and contrast-enhanced MRI have sufficient agreement to be used interchangeably in the clinic to evaluate the therapeutic effect of PMWA and HIFUA on fibroids.     

The increased severity of acute pancreatitis in the elderly is mainly related to intestinal barrier dysfunction

正To the Editor:Severeacutepancreatitisintheelderlyischaracterizedby significantmorbidityandmortalityrates,withahigherfinancial impact when compared to the same disease in younger patients [1]. There are some obvious differences between these two populations. The most glaring one is the presence of multiple co-     

Impact of the use of Non-Caloric Sweeteners on the Development and Acceptibility of Sweet Preparations

The aim of this study was to substitute saccharose in culinary preparations—custard-filled profiteroles with chocolate topping, chocolate brownie, chocolate mousse, soft coconut candy, soft chocolate fudge, and diet condensed milk—using two types of sweetener, while observing the behavior and performance of these substances, highlighting the difficulties and other required modifications to ensure the acceptance of the final product. Recipes that produced satisfactory characteristics were analyzed by the affective acceptance test using the nine-point hedonic scale to rate specifics attributes. Preparations attaining 50% of scores greater than or equal to 7 were considered accepted. The preference test (Friedman) was applied to products in which both non-caloric sweeteners yielded satisfactory results. Results were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests. The main differences observed in the modified recipes were reduced viscosity, lower yield, less creaminess, less rising, limited capacity to incorporate air, and lower intensity of color and sweetness. Nevertheless, these characteristics did not affect the acceptance of the preparations since the majority of preparations were well accepted by the tasters. No statistically significant difference in preference was detected. The substitution of saccharose by non-caloric sweeteners resulted in products with good acceptability.     

Case Report and Cohort Analysis of Drug-Induced Liver Injury Associated with Daptomycin

A patient receiving daptomycin developed asymptomatic transaminitis and hyperbilirubinemia without concurrent multiorgan dysfunction or elevation of his creatinine kinase level. After ruling out other etiologies, the liver injury was attributed to daptomycin and was subsequently resolved. A single-center retrospective cohort analysis of baseline and follow-up liver function panels (n = 614) from all admissions from 2008 to 2013 during which daptomycin was administered did not reveal any other cases of probable or definite drug-induced liver injury associated with daptomycin.     

Combined Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance-pH (MII-pH): Multicenter Report of Normal Values from 117 Children

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the USA. Although some patients will present with premalignant pancreatic lesions (i.e., intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms) or localized tumors amenable to curative resection, the majority of patients will unfortunately present with technically unresectable or metastatic disease. This review of the recent medical literature will discuss the optimal work-up and management of premalignant pancreatic lesions and the surgical management of localized, borderline resectable, and locally advanced (i.e., unresectable) pancreatic tumors. It will focus on new criteria used to define surgical “resectability,” the significance and clinical impact of surgical margins, the role of multimodality therapy in the management of patients with borderline resectable or locally advanced tumors, the role of surgery for local or distant recurrence, and minimally invasive surgical approaches.