Ondansetron versus placebo for the control of nausea and vomiting during Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia

This prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was performed to evaluate the effects of ondansetron on nausea and vomiting during elective Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Seventy-four full-term parturients were studied. After umbilical-cord clamping, ondansetron 4 mg or 0.9% saline was injected intravenously and the study period continued for 2 h. The severity of nausea was graded from 0 = none to 10 = maximum, while that of vomiting was graded from single = once per min to continuous = multiple per min. The incidence of vomiting was lower following ondansetron (36%) compared with the control group (58%, p < 0.028). Neither the severity of vomiting nor the incidence of nausea was influenced by ondansetron. However, for those who experienced nausea, ondansetron reduced its severity (p = 0.05). We conclude that the intra-operative administration of 4 mg ondansetron intravenously during Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia significantly reduces the incidence of vomiting and the severity of nausea.     

蛋脑啡肽对猴免疫缺陷病毒感染CEM×174细胞kappa阿片受体表达的调节作用(英文)

目的：研究蛋脑啡肽对猴免疫缺陷病毒（ＳＩＶ）感染ＣＥＭ×１７４ 细胞ｋａｐｐａ 阿片受体表达的调节作用。方法：用ＳＩＶ 感染ＣＥＭ×１７４ 细胞并加入不同浓度蛋脑啡肽。在２４ ｈ 提取ＲＮＡ,用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ 方法扩增ｋａｐｐａ 阿片受体ｍ ＲＮＡ 并且进行定量分析。结果：显示ＳＩＶ 能够抑制ＣＥＭ×１７４ 细胞的生长。在１０－ ７ｍ ｏｌ／Ｌ蛋脑啡肽存在下,ＳＩＶ 对细胞的损害减轻。１０－ ７ｍ ｏｌ／Ｌ和１０－ ６ｍ ｏｌ／Ｌ蛋脑啡肽不能改变正常细胞ｋａｐｐａ 阿片受体的表达,但是在ＳＩＶ 感染组的表达显著增高。结论：实验结果提示蛋脑啡肽能够维持正常淋巴细胞的生长。Ｋａｐｐａ 阿片受体表达的改变可能与蛋脑啡肽对免疫细胞的调节机理有关     

Low-dose postoperative transconjunctival application of mitomycin C in rabbit trabeculectomy

PURPOSE: Mitomycin C (MMC) is commonly administered during filtering surgery to enhance the success of the procedure. Unfortunately, the increased success rate is associated with complications, including late bleb leaks, endophthalmitis, and ciliary epithelial toxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate a safe and effective dose regimen for MMC to reduce incidence of those complications. METHODS: Trabeculectomy was performed in 36 rabbits. MMC was applied only during surgery, only one day after surgery, or once daily after surgery for 3 days at lower concentrations. Balanced salt solution (BSS) was administered during surgery to one group as a placebo. The time to bleb failure was determined and the eyes were evaluated histopathologically. Success and toxicity were compared for the different treatment groups. RESULTS: The mean time until trabeculectomy failure was 2.83 days for the placebo group, 6.33 days with administration of MMC 0.5 mg/mL during surgery, 7.83 days with administration of MMC 0.5 mg/mL once after surgery, and 11, 9, and 4.83 days with administration of MMC 0.1 mg/mL, 0.05 mg/mL, or 0.025 mg/mL, respectively, once a day for 3 consecutive days. On electron microscopic examination of the ciliary epithelium, toxic effects were greatest with MMC concentrations of 0.5 mg/mL and were less with lower concentrations. CONCLUSION: The effect of MMC on trabeculectomy survival was dependent on both the concentration and the method of administration. Lower concentrations with multiple postoperative administrations were as effective as but caused less ciliary body toxicity than intraoperative administration of higher concentrations.     

Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prostaglandins on osteoblastic functions.

It has been reported that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) suppress bone repair and bone remodeling but only mildly inhibit bone mineralization at the earlier stage of the repair process. We proposed that the proliferation and/or the earlier stage of differentiation of osteoblasts may be affected by NSAIDs. This study was designed to investigate whether NSAIDs affect the proliferation and/or differentiation of osteoblasts and whether these effects are prostaglandin (PG) mediated. The effects of PGE1 and PGE2, indomethacin, and ketorolac on thymidine incorporation, cell count, intracellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and Type I collagen content in osteoblast-enriched cultures derived from fetal calvaria were evaluated. The results showed that both PGs and NSAIDs inhibited DNA synthesis and cell mitosis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. However, intracellular ALP activity and Type I collagen content were stimulated at an earlier stage of differentiation in osteoblasts. These results suggested that (i) the inhibitory effect of ketorolac on osteoblastic proliferation contributes to its suppressive effects on bone repair and remodeling in vivo; (ii) PGEs and NSAIDs may be involved in matrix maturation and biologic bone mineralization in the earlier stage of osteoblast differentiation; and (iii) the effects of ketorolac and indomethacin on cell proliferation and differentiation may not be through the inhibition of the synthesis of PGE1 or PGE2.     

精氨酸、尼莫地平、细胞生长肽对环孢素毒性及其血药浓度的影响

目的：探讨精氨酸、尼莫地平、细胞生长肽(bFGF)对环孢素的肝、肾、睾丸毒性的防护作用和对体内药物浓度的影响。方法：雄性大鼠给予环孢素后，再分别给予精氨酸、尼莫地平和bFGF，测定大鼠环孢素浓度、细胞凋亡指数、血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、肌肝(Cr)、生精功能等。结果：精氨酸明显升高大鼠血中环孢素浓度，尼莫地平和bFGF则降低环孢素浓度。精氨酸、尼莫地平和bFGF具有明显降低肝、肾、睾丸细胞凋亡指数、血清ALT和Cr，以及减轻精子发生障碍的作用。结论：精氨酸、尼莫地平、bFGF可影响血中环孢素浓度，并减轻环孢素引起肝、肾、睾丸的毒性，而以精氨酸的作用较明显。     

细辛脑片剂的生物利用度

目的 :比较两种不同生产工艺的细辛脑片剂生物利用度。方法 :18名健康志愿者单剂量随机交叉口服不同生产工艺的片剂 1和片剂 2 16 0mg ,及静脉注射细辛脑针剂 16mg后 ,用反相高效液相色谱法测定细辛脑血清浓度 ,对AUC0～∞ ,Cmax和Tmax3个参数进行等效性检验。结果 :片剂 1和片剂 2的绝对生物利用度分别为 (5 .4± 1.6 ) %和 (9.7± 2 .5 ) % ,片剂 2对片剂 1的相对生物利用度为 (181.9± 15 .2 ) %。结论 :经生产工艺改造后的片剂 2生物利用度比原生产工艺片剂 1提高81.9% ,但是 ,细辛脑片剂的绝对生物利用度仍很低。     

磷脂聚合物在医药学中的应用

目的在简介磷脂的基础上 ,概括了磷脂类似物和磷脂聚合物的合成方法及其在医药领域中的应用。方法在参阅国内外相关文献的基础上 ,进行分析、整理和归纳。结果磷脂聚合物的合成方法已经发展的比较成熟 ,但是在医药方面的应用主要限于磷脂聚合物型脂质体、聚乙二醇(PEG)修饰型脂质体和磷脂修饰型聚合物。结论具有两亲性和生物相容性的磷脂及其聚合物在医药领域具有广泛的发展前景     

针对患者调强放射治疗计划的剂量学验证

目的建立针对调强放射治疗患者的剂量学验证方法。方法对100例患者进行的剂量验证共有3个测量项目一是采用小灵敏体积的电离室在仿人形模体中测量靶区剂量参考点(一般是射野等中心点)的绝对剂量,二是采用胶片测量一个治疗计划的所有射野在仿人形模体内形成的复合剂量分布,三是采用胶片或半导体探测器阵列在干水模体中测量单个射野的强度分布。由于完成全3个测量项目占用机器的时间过长,实际操作时采用自适应的方式,即首先测量靶区剂量参考点的绝对剂量,如果剂量误差在允许范围内,则不再进行其他的测量;如果剂量误差超出允许范围,则增加两个电离室测量点,并采用胶片测量横断面的剂量分布和(或)射野强度分布。结果93%患者的计划可以顺利实施,其他患者的计划需要调整铅门位置或完全重新设计。87%患者计划的剂量误差在临床可以接受的范围内,其他患者的计划需要对射野机器跳数进行修正;修正系统误差后,有96%患者计划的剂量误差在临床可以接受的范围内。结论利用已有的设备条件建立了患者调强放射治疗计划的剂量学验证方法,这种方法随着设备条件的改善和经验的积累还会进一步完善。针对患者的计划进行剂量学验证是很有必要的。     

浅谈针刺手法的基本功锻炼

针刺手法的运用是针灸临床治疗的一个关键环节。针刺手法的基本功锻炼是提高针刺手法操作技术的重要途径。本文详细介绍了针刺手法基本功锻炼的步骤和方法。