新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的治疗及不良反应监护

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎患者药物治疗与药物不良反应监护。方法隔离收治明确诊断的15例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎患者,分轻型、普通型、重型及危重型,使用重组人干扰素α-2a、洛匹那韦/利托那韦片、盐酸阿比多尔片、磷酸氯喹、利巴韦林注射液等抗病毒药物治疗,联合抗病毒用药≤3种,同时进行对症支持治疗,在药物治疗过程中实施药学监护,及时发现药物不良反应并对症处理。结果截至2020年3月5日,治愈出院患者9例,在院患者6例,3例患者临床症状及胸部CT均好转,核酸检测为阳性,1例重型患者转为普通型,2例危重型患者转为重型;治疗过程中11例患者出现不同症状、不同程度的不良反应,不良反应发生率达73.33%,8例患者出现消化系统症状,2例患者出现皮疹伴瘙痒,1例患者治疗过程中肝酶轻微升高,根据国家不良反应监测中心分级,2例为新的不良反应,9例为一般的不良反应。结论目前没有经过临床验证有效的治疗方法治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎,在有限的诊疗方案推荐下需要摸索相关的药物治疗,包括药物选择、用法用量及疗程,药物在临床治疗时需进行不良反应监护,及时发现并对症处理,避免因药物引起的机体损害。     

不同类型研究设计在卫生决策中的应用情况

传统上,卫生监管部门和卫生技术评估（HTA）组织将随机对照试验（RCT）视为证明疗效和安全性的黄金标准,但不同类型的研究设计根据自身特点适用于不同的研究目的和研究类型,本文对各国卫生技术评估中提交证据研究设计类型的要求进行总结,并以CADTH为例具体分析其应用情况,发现RCT仍是目前提交的主要证据类型,但越来越多的Ⅰ/Ⅱ期试验和包括真实世界证据在内的非RCT证据正逐渐参与到卫生决策中来,在慢病和癌症领域尤为明显。随着非RCT证据在数据整合、偏倚控制等方面的完善,相信其将会和高质量的RCT证据一同在卫生评估中发挥更重要的作用。     

肺结节病的临床与影像研究

结节病是一种多器官受累的系统性疾病,以肺和胸部淋巴结受累最常见。其临床表现多样,缺乏特异性。病理表现为淋巴细胞、单核-巨噬细胞集聚,以及非干酪样坏死性上皮细胞肉芽肿形成。影像检查方法常为多层螺旋CT及PET/CT。仅依靠临床表现,肺结节病的诊断准确度为33%~42%,如辅以胸部X线检查可以提高至52%~76%,而结合高分辨力CT则能达到78%~80%。结节病诊断十分困难,且易误诊误治,因此明确诊断需要临床、病理及影像方法的结合。     

Prognostic Tools for Early Mortality in Hemorrhagic Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background and Purpose

Several risk scores have been developed to predict mortality in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We aimed to systematically determine the performance of published prognostic tools.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for prognostic models (published between 2004 and April 2014) used in predicting early mortality (<6 months) after ICH. We evaluated the discrimination performance of the tools through a random-effects meta-analysis of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) or c-statistic. We evaluated the following components of the study validity: study design, collection of prognostic variables, treatment pathways, and missing data.

Results

We identified 11 articles (involving 41,555 patients) reporting on the accuracy of 12 different tools for predicting mortality in ICH. Most studies were either retrospective or post-hoc analyses of prospectively collected data; all but one produced validation data. The Hemphill-ICH score had the largest number of validation cohorts (9 studies involving 3,819 patients) within our systematic review and showed good performance in 4 countries, with a pooled AUC of 0.80 [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.77-0.85]. We identified several modified versions of the Hemphill-ICH score, with the ICH-Grading Scale (GS) score appearing to be the most promising variant, with a pooled AUC across four studies of 0.87 (95% CI=0.84-0.90). Subgroup testing found statistically significant differences between the AUCs obtained in studies involving Hemphill-ICH and ICH-GS scores (p=0.01).

Conclusions

Our meta-analysis evaluated the performance of 12 ICH prognostic tools and found greater supporting evidence for 2 models (Hemphill-ICH and ICH-GS), with generally good performance overall.     

脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2基因R92H多态性与汉族人群冠心病易感性的关系

目的探讨脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2基因R92H多态性与冠心病遗传易感性及冠状动脉病变程度的关系。方法采用单荧光标记探针技术检测261例冠心病患者及263例正常人脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2基因R92H多态性。结果冠心病组RH基因型和H等位基因频率显著高于对照组(P<0.05和<0.01)。RH基因型、H等位基因人群冠心病风险增高(P均<0.01)。Logistic回归分析显示,R92H多态性是冠心病的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。冠心病组中RH和HH基因型者总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平高于RR基因型者(P<0.05和<0.01),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平显著低于RR基因型者(P<0.05)。冠心病组中,RH和HH基因型者多支血管病变率比RR基因型者明显升高(P<0.05)。结论脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2基因R92H多态性与中国汉族人群冠心病相关,携带RH、HH基因型人群发生冠心病风险较高,且与更严重的冠状动脉病变有关。     

人体对逆行胃电刺激的内脏敏感性及与胃容受性、胃排空的关系

目的观察逆行胃电刺激(RGES)对内脏感觉、胃容受性和胃排空的影响,并探讨其相互关系。方法健康志愿者12例,胃镜下将双极电极同定在远端胃黏膜,观察不同参数 RGES 引起的症状程度,较小能量刺激对水负荷和固体胃排空功能的影响。结果引起初始感觉的胃电刺激能量为(265.6±134.9)smA~2,最大耐受的刺激能量为(2020.0±865.1)smA~2,对 RGES 的内脏感觉个体差异很大。小于50%引起初始感觉的刺激能量即可显著减少水负荷和延缓同体胃排空,不引起明显症状。引起初始感觉的刺激能量与刺激引起的饮水量减少(r=-0.80,P<0.05)和胃排空时间延长(r=-0.78,P<0.05)呈显著负相关。结论 RGES 可降低胃容受性和延缓胃排空,在对胃电刺激内脏敏感性高的个体这些抑制作用更强。     

基于前列腺影像报告和数据系统评估T2WI联合分段读出弥散加权成像诊断早期前列腺癌的价值

目的比较分段读出平面回波成像(readout-segmented echo-planar imaging,RS-EPI)与单次激发平面回波成像(single-shot echo-planar imaging,SSEPI)在早期前列腺癌诊断中的价值。材料与方法回顾性纳入20例行3.0T MRI SS-EPI和RS-EPI检查的早期前列腺癌患者。两位影像科医生在不提供任何临床资料的情况下参照PI-RADS标准分析T2WI、RS-EPI和SS-EPI图像,按六分区法对前列腺各个分区出现癌的可能性进行评分。共组成5种方案:方案1:T2WI;方案2:SS-EPI;方案3:RS-EPI;方案4:T2WI+SS-EPI;方案5:T2WI+RSEPI。采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线比较5种方案的诊断效能。结果方案1~5的曲线下面积分别为0.789、0.790、0.874、0.838、0.881,由高到低的顺序为T2WI+RS-EPIRS-EPIT2WI+SS-EPISSEPIT2WI。方案1与方案3、方案4、方案5,方案2与方案3、方案4,方案4与方案5之间ROC曲线下面积差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。方案1与方案2,方案3与方案4、方案5之间ROC曲线下面积差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 T2WI联合应用DWI可提高早期前列腺癌的诊断效能,T2WI联合RS-EPI的诊断效能高于T2WI联合SS-EPI,更利于临床早期前列腺癌的诊断。     

Search for intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus in hemophilia patients

This study was performed to determine the risk of family members of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive hemophilia patients (index patients) for infection with HCV compared with the risk of acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. All index patients (n = 141) were found to be positive by first and second generation anti-HCV enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Among their household contacts (n = 228), 224 were negative and 1 positive by both assays. Three contacts gave positive results in first generation anti-HCV EIA and negative results in second generation assay. This latter result was confirmed by further tests (neutralization test, synthetic peptides, and supplemental assay). Percent positivity for anti-HBc was about the same in non-sexual household contacts and sexual partners (13 of 109 [12%] and 7 of 54 [13%], respectively). Percent prevalence of anti-HBc was higher in contacts of index patients with chronic hepatitis B than in those of index patients who had recovered from that disease (6 of 20 [30%] and 14 of 133 [10%], respectively; P < .05). The HBV infection rate of contacts participating in controlled self-treatment was not higher than that of controls (3 of 57 [5%] and 10 of 98 [10%], respectively). Of 44 sexual partners, 5 (11%) were found to be positive for anti-HIV. Prevalence of anti-HAV matched with the age-related distribution in the German population. These findings suggest that intrafamilial transmission of HCV to family members of hemophilia patients is uncommon. In contacts of hemophilia patients, the risk of acquiring HBV infection seems to be as high in household contacts as in sexual contacts. Participation in controlled self-treatment does not appear to be an additional risk for HCV and HBV infection. There is no doubt that sexual transmission of HCV is less common than that of HBV and HIV.     

Investigating the Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Periodontitis

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder characterized by disruptions of normal sleep architecture. Chronic periodontitis is a chronic disease of the periodontium that elicits a general inflammatory response to local dental plaque. It has been suggested that periodontal disease may increase in severity with increasingly severe OSA because both disease entities share common inflammatory pathways, acting synergistically to alter the host response. The aim of this study is to analyze the association between severity of OSA and the prevalence/severity of periodontitis. Methods: One hundred patients from a large veterans administration sleep study center (n = 26 normal, n = 21 mild, n = 19 moderate, n = 34 severe) diagnosed with an overnight polysomnogram underwent a comprehensive periodontal examination. Periodontal parameters measured included the following: 1) mean periodontal probing depth (PD); 2) clinical attachment level (CAL); 3) gingival recession; and 4) percentage of sites with bleeding on probing, plaque, PD ≥5 mm, and CAL ≥3 mm. Results: Seventy‐three percent of the sampled population had moderate/severe periodontal disease. χ² analyses revealed no significant differences in the prevalence of periodontal disease between the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) groups, with a negligible Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.246 between AHI severity and periodontal disease severity categories. Analysis of covariance indicated a significant association between AHI severity categories and percentage of sites with plaque, after adjusting for age. Multivariable logistic regression analysis predicting moderate/severe periodontitis with AHI score, age, and smoking status indicated a significant association with age (P = 0.028) but no significant association with the other two predictors. Conclusion: OSA was not significantly associated with the prevalence of moderate/severe periodontitis and the periodontal parameters examined, except percentage plaque.     

医院内外感染葡萄球菌的耐药性分析

目的分析医院内与院外感染葡萄球菌的耐药性,为临床用药提供依据。方法收集2011年1月至2013年12月黄石市中心医院门诊(院外)、住院(院内)患者各种标本中分离的454株葡萄球菌,用VITEK-32专用卡GPI及血浆凝固酶试验进行鉴定,药敏试验按K-B琼脂扩散法进行,根据美国临床和实验室标准化协会2006对头孢西丁的耐药情况进行分类分析,数据分析用WHONET 5.5药敏分析软件。结果在379株金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率为41.2%,医院内、外标本MRSA检出率分别为44.1%和19.6%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);共检出凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌75株,医院内、外标本耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率分别为61.1%和38.1%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。未检出万古霉素、替考拉宁耐药菌株。结论耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌具有多重耐药性;院外SA感染者首选药物为庆大霉素、苯唑西林;若为院内SA和对于MRCNS引起的不论是院内或院外感染,均推荐首选万古霉素或替考拉宁。