ENDOSCOPIC MUCOSAL RESECTION AND SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION METHOD FOR LARGE COLORECTAL TUMORS

The goal of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is to allow the endoscopist to obtain tissue or resect lesions not previously amenable to standard biopsy or excisional techniques and to remove malignant lesions without open surgery. In this article, we describe the results of conventional EMR and EMR using an insulation‐tipped (IT) electrosurgical knife (submucosal dissection method) for large colorectal mucosal neoplasms and discuss the problems and future prospects of these procedures. At present, conventional EMR is much more feasible than EMR using IT‐knife from the perspectives of time, money, complication, and organ preservation. However, larger lesions tend to be resected in a piecemeal fashion; and it is difficult to confirm whether EMR has been complete. For accurate histopathological assessment of the resected specimen en bloc EMR is desirable although further experience is needed to establish its safety and efficacy. Further improvements of in EMR with special knife techniques are required to simply and safely remove large colorectal neoplasms.     

Caffeic acid improves the bioavailability of l‐dopa in rabbit plasma

The impacts of caffeic acid (3,4‐dihydroxycinnamic acid, CA) on the pharmacokinetics of levodopa (L‐dopa) were studied in rabbits. A single dose of 5/1.25 mg·kg^?1 l ‐dopa/carbidopa was administered alone or was co‐administered with three different doses of caffeic acid (2.5, 5, and 10 mg·kg^?1), or a single dose of 5 mg·kg^?1 caffeic acid was administered alone via an intramuscular route to six rabbits each in a crossover treatment protocol. Plasma levels of l ‐dopa, 3‐O‐methyldopa (3‐OMD), caffeic acid, and ferulic acid were determined and subsequently used to calculate their pharmacokinetic parameters. The results indicated that caffeic acid administered at a dose of 10 mg·kg^?1 decreased about 22% of the peripheral formation of 3‐OMD and about 31% of the C_max of 3‐OMD. In addition, the metabolic ratios (MR, AUC of 3‐OMD/AUC of L‐dopa) decreased by about 22%. Results also indicated that caffeic acid significantly decreased the proportion of 3‐OMD (p < 0.05). In contrast, the parameters of neither caffeic acid nor ferulic acid were significantly affected by l ‐dopa/carbidopa. In conclusion, caffeic acid at a dose of 10 mg·kg^?1 can significantly affect the COMT metabolic pathway of L‐dopa. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of specificity in corticospinal connections by axon collaterals branching selectively into appropriate spinal targets

Corticospinal projections in adult rodents arise exlusively from layer V neurons in the sensorimotor cortex. These neurons are topographically organized in their connections to spinal cord targets. Previous studies in rodents have shown that the mature distribution pattern of corticospinal neurons develops during the first 2 weeks postnatal from an initial widespread pattern that includes the visual cortex to a distribution restricted to the sensorimotor cortex. To determine whether specificity in corticospinal connections also emerges from an intially diffuse set of projections, we have studied the outgrowth of corticospinal axons and the formation of terminal arbors in developing hamsters. The sensitive fluorescent tracer 1, 1′, dioctadecyl-3, 3, 3′, 3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorat (DiI) was used to label corticospinal axons from the visual cortex or from small regions of the forelimb or hindlimb sensorimotor cortex in living animals at 4–17 days postnatal. Initially axon outgrowth was imprecise. Some visual cortical axons extended transiently beyond their permanent targets in the pontine nuclei, by growing through the pyramidal decussation and in some cases extending as far caudally as the lumbar enlargement. Forelimb sensorimotor axons also extended past their targets in the cervical enlargement, in many cases growing in the corticospinal tract to lumbar levels of the cord. By about 17 days postnatal these misdirected axons or axon segments were withdrawn from the tract. Despite these errors in axon trajectories within the corticospinal tract, terminal arbors branching into targets in the spinal gray matter were topographically appropriate from the earliest stages of innervation. Thus visula cortical axons never formed connections in the spinal cord, forelimb sensorimotor axons arborized only in the cervical enlargement, and hindlimb cortical axons terminated only in the lumbar cord at all stages of development examined. Corticospinal arbors formed from collaterals that extended at right angles from the shafts of primary axons, most likely by the process of interstitial branching after the primary growth cone had extended past the target. Once collaterals extended into the spinal gray matter, highly branched terminal arbors formed within 2–4 days, beginning at about 4 and 8 days postnatal for the cervical and lumbar enlargements, respectively. These results show that specificity in connectivity is achieved by selectivty growth of axon collaterals in to appropriate spinal targets from the beginning and not by the later remodeling of intially diffuse connections. In contrast, errors occur in the initial outgrowth of axons in the corticospinal tract, which are subsequently corrected. Copyright © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

地西泮、苯巴比妥、普萘洛尔、和西咪替丁对大鼠肝微粒体安定氧化代谢的影响

研究地西泮、苯巴比妥、普萘洛尔和西咪替丁对地西泮氧化代谢的影响及其药酶蛋白的初步分析，应用HPLC，SDS－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和薄层扫描测定地西泮及其代谢物，并对大鼠肝微粒体和酶蛋白进行分离和含量测定，结果表明地西泮，普萘洛尔和西咪替丁使肝微粒体中P－450含量明显降低，地西泮和普萘洛尔明显抑制地西泮C3－羟化活性，大剂量普萘洛尔尚能抑制地西泮N－脱甲基，苯巴比妥明显诱导P－450生成，增强地西泮N－脱甲基和C3－羟化酶活性及分子量为51，000和59，000的电泳蛋白带，而地西泮，普萘洛尔则呈抑制作用，并发现，地西泮N－脱甲基酶活性和分子量为59，000蛋白含量呈线性相关（P＜0．05），而C3－羟化酶活性则与51，000蛋白含量呈线性相关（P＜0．01），因此地西泮C3－羟化代谢可能与51，000的P－450酶蛋白有关，而N－脱甲基代谢则可能与59，000的P－450酶蛋白有关。     

Effects of Diazepam,Phenobarbital,Propranolol,and Cimetidine on Diazepam Oxidizing Isoenzymes in Rat Liver Microsomes

研究地西泮、苯巴比妥、普萘洛尔和西咪替丁对地西泮氧化代谢的影响及其药酶蛋白的初步分析，应用ＨＰＬＣ，ＳＤＳ聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和薄层扫描测定地西泮及其代谢物，并对大鼠肝微粒体和酶蛋白进行分离和含量测定。结果表明地西泮、普萘洛尔和西咪替丁使肝微粒体中Ｐ４５０含量明显降低。地西泮和普萘洛尔明显抑制地西泮Ｃ３羟化活性，大剂量普萘洛尔尚能抑制地西泮Ｎ脱甲基。苯巴比妥明显诱导Ｐ４５０生成，增强地西泮Ｎ脱甲基和Ｃ３羟化酶活性及分子量为５１，０００和５９，０００的电泳蛋白带，而地西泮、普萘洛尔则呈抑制作用。并发现，地西泮Ｎ脱甲基酶活性和分子量为５９，０００蛋白含量呈线性相关（Ｐ＜０．０５），而Ｃ３羟化酶活性则与５１，０００蛋白含量呈线性相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。因此地西泮Ｃ３羟化代谢可能与５１，０００的Ｐ４５０酶蛋白有关，而Ｎ脱甲基代谢则可能与５９，０００的Ｐ４５０酶蛋白有关。     

三种粪便隐血试验的比较研究

粪便隐血试验是检测消化道微量出血的重要手段。本文用三种隐血试验:血红蛋白定量试验(HQT)、反向间接血球凝集试验(RPHA)和联苯胺试验(BT)对不同消化道疾病患者的粪便进行检测。结果表明隐血的检出用HQT和RPHA较BT更为特异和敏感。     

Changes of the sex hormones in female type II diabetics, coronary heart disease, essential hypertension and its relations with kidney deficiency, cardiovascular complications and efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine or qigong treatment

In this study 31 normal child-bearing women, 62 postmenopausal women, 93 cases of female type II diabetes (18 child-bearing and 75 postmenopausal cases), 53 cases of coronary heart disease (11 child-bearing and 42 postmenopausal cases) and 38 cases of essential hypertension (8 child-bearing and 30 postmenopausal cases) were investigated. The average score of Kidney deficiency was 22.9-8. 5 before treatment with the combination of TCM and WM. With the treatment of TCM in diabetes and coronary heart disease and of Qigong in essential hypertension, the score decreased to 11.5-4. 4 (P less than 0.001). Serum/saliva estradiol (E2), the ratio of E2 to testosterone (T, E2/T) and progesterone (P) decreased before treatment of TCM or Qigong. After treatment E2 and P value increased; the ovarian endocrine function was improved; the special symptoms of the diseases relieved, fasting blood glucose levels in diabetics, the frequency and severity of angina pectoris in coronary heart disease and the blood pressure in essential hypertension significantly decreased respectively (P less than 0.01). The study suggested that there are certain relations between ovarian endocrine disfunction and Kidney deficiency. The more severe the "Kidney deficiency" was, the more significant the changes of sex hormone were.     

自体甲状腺组织与干细胞移植治疗甲状腺功能减退症的研究进展

不可逆性甲减患者需要终身服用甲状腺激素，对患者的日常工作和生活造成了很大的不便。随着近年来对自体甲状腺组织与干细胞移植研究的进展，有望解决甲减病人终身服药这一问题。自体甲状腺组织移植的动物实验以及人体试验均表明：甲状腺移植物不但能够存活，而且能够发挥作用。最新的胚胎干细胞（Embryonic stemcell，ESC）研究证明，ESC可以分化为甲状腺滤泡细胞。     

Activation of the lama2 gene in muscle regeneration: abortive regeneration in laminin alpha2-deficiency

Mutations in laminin alpha2, a subunit of the basement membrane protein laminin-2/merosin, cause merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism of disease, we generated and used a mutant mouse, dyW, in which the lacZ gene was inserted into the lama2 gene so that beta-galactosidase would be expressed in place of laminin alpha2. Heterozygous and homozygous mutant mice are normal at birth, but homozygous mice develop muscular dystrophy at 2 to 3 weeks of age. The lama2/lacZ gene was highly expressed in muscle in the early stages of embryonic myogenesis, but was down-regulated at later stages in both heterozygous and homozygous mice. No beta-galactosidase activity was detected in skeletal muscle after birth in adult heterozygous mice. In contrast, high beta-galactosidase activity was detected in postnatal homozygous mice. Induction of injury in heterozygous mice resulted in intense reexpression of beta-galactosidase in the injured muscle early in regeneration, with a decline in enzyme activity as repair of the tissue progressed. Although the initial response to injury was similar in heterozygous and homozygous mice with abundant beta-galactosidase-positive, mononucleated cells in the injured area, repair was rarely completed in the homozygous mice, evidently caused by excessive death of cells associated with immature myofibers. The defect in muscle repair was very efficiently corrected in homozygous dyW mice expressing a human LAMA2 transgene in skeletal muscle. The data show the importance of laminin alpha2 in muscle regeneration and suggest that a major contributor to disease in muscular dystrophy is abortive regeneration.     

小儿重症哮喘多因素回归分析

应用电脑对111例儿童哮喘50项指标进行多因素逐步回归分析,把发作时喘憋严重,平时也有不同程度的喘息症状患儿列入小儿重症哮喘,与非重症哮喘比较,结果显示夜间喘、急性发作持续天数、非特异性刺激诱发、间歇期症状、发绀、呼吸困难、入院后激素治疗、中性粒细胞、IgA、pH、哮喘持续状态等11个因素入选重症哮喘回归方程,表明这些因素与小儿重症哮喘相关,提出儿童哮喘危险信号的临床指标。