2019年西宁市城区PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染特征及健康风险评价

目的 了解西宁市城区PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染水平，并对其致癌风险进行评价。方法 2019年每月10 - 16日在西宁市城北区和城东区采集PM2.5样品，对其16种美国环保署优控PAHs的质量浓度及其组成特征进行分析，运用毒性当量浓度及终身超额致癌风险(ECR)进行毒性评价。结果 城北区和城东区PM2.5年平均浓度分别为3.10×10 - 2 mg/m3和2.50×10 - 2 mg /m3，均低于国家标准。城北区、城东区PAHs总浓度年均值分别为16.53(1.62～259.25) ng/m3和10.96(0.55～88.45) ng/m3，且2个区春季、夏季、秋季和冬季均以4～6环PAHs为主。PAHs的主要来源有燃煤及薪柴燃烧、汽油排放。毒性评价结果表明,16种PAHs以BaP为参照物的等效质量浓度(BaPeq)范围为2.00×10 - 5～3.32 ng/m3，城北区、城东区中ΣBaPeq分别为4.27 ng/m3、2.97ng/m3，BaP毒性最强，对ΣBaPeq的贡献率占75%以上; 城北区、城东区中Σ16PAHs的总ECR分别为3.72×10 - 4和2.58×10 - 4。结论 西宁市城区PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)终身呼吸性患癌风险（ECR）大于10 - 4，对西宁市城区居民具有潜在健康风险。     

Personal trauma among healthcare providers: implications for screening practices

ABSTRACT

Screening rates for trauma are low in health care settings. We examined the association between health care providers’ (HCPs) experience of physical or sexual trauma and their screening of female patients for trauma. HCPs at an urban academic medical institution were surveyed from September through November 2016. The Brief Trauma (BTQ) and Sexual and Physical Abuse History Questionnaires (SPAHQ) assessed their own experiences of trauma. The Screening Practices Questionnaire (SPQ) assessed HCPs trauma screening. Multiple regression analyses were performed. Among 212 respondents aged 22–67 years, most were female (78.3%) and white (76.1%). Nurses (41.0%) were the largest occupational group. Overall, 85.8% reported having experienced trauma. No significant difference was observed in median SPQ scores between HCPs who had experienced trauma (3.88 [Interquartile Range (IQR) 3.44–4.31]) and those who had not (4.00 [IQR 3.47–4.33], p = .645). In an adjusted model, screening policy awareness and having an obstetrics & gynecology or psychiatry specialty were associated with higher SPQ scores (p < .001). The prevalence of trauma experience in this sample was high, but not associated with screening. Screening policy awareness and practice specialty were associated with screening. HCP factors associated with greater trauma screening should be explored.     

Changes in iodine status among US adults, 2001–2012

Urinary iodine concentrations (UICs) in the US have been reported to be stable since 1988–1994, although those in selected subgroups remained low. We aimed to investigate iodine status among adults (≥20 years) by two different criteria of assessing iodine deficiency in population. Utilizing National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2001–2012, we conducted linear logistic regressions adjusting for covariates. The prevalence of <50?μg/L UIC was higher in women than in men; increased from 11.6% (2001–2004) to 13.2% (2009–2012) at the national level and in young adults, non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs) and non-users of iodine-containing supplements (all, p?<0.05); the adjusted odds ratios (95%CI) in young adults (1.54 [1.11–2.15], p =?0.0007) and NHBs (1.70 [1.15–2.52], p =?0.0078). Median UICs confirm women and NHBs being in borderline iodine status. Recognizing the critical consequence of iodine deficiency particularly in women and NHBs, regular monitoring of iodine status is important for public health in the US.     

Air Pollution and the Risk of Cardiac Defects: A Population-Based Case-Control Study

Previous epidemiologic studies have assessed the role of the exposure to ambient air pollution in the development of cardiac birth defects, but they have provided somewhat inconsistent results. To assess the associations between exposure to ambient air pollutants and the risk of cardiac defects, a population-based case-control study was conducted using 1087 cases of cardiac defects and a random sample of 10,870 controls from 1,533,748 Taiwanese newborns in 2001 to 2007.Logistic regression was performed to calculate odds ratios for 10 ppb increases in O₃ and 10 μg/m³ increases in PM₁₀. In addition, we compared the risk of cardiac defects in 4 categories-high exposure (>75th percentile); medium exposure (75th to 50th percentile); low exposure (<50th–25th percentile); reference (<25th percentile) based on the distribution of each pollutant. The risks of ventricular septal defects (VSD), atrial septal defects (ASD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) were associated with 10 ppb increases in O₃ exposure during the first 3 gestational months among term and preterm babies. In comparison between high PM₁₀ exposure and reference category, there were statistically significant elevations in the effect estimates of ASD for all and terms births. In addition, there was a negative or weak association between SO_2, NO₂, CO, and cardiac defects_.The study proved that exposure to outdoor air O₃ and PM₁₀ during the first trimester of gestation may increase the risk of VSD, ASD, and PDA.     

Psychosocial mechanisms of a behavioral treatment for urinary incontinence of prostate cancer survivors

Abstract

Purpose: We examined underlying psychosocial processes of a behavioral treatment for urinary incontinence (UI) of prostate cancer survivors.

Design: Secondary analysis of data collected from a clinical trial.

Sample: Two hundred forty-four prostate cancer survivors who participated in a clinical trial of behavioral intervention to UI as intervention or control subjects.

Methods: The participants had a 3-month behavioral intervention or usual care and were followed up for an additional 3?months. They were assessed at baseline, 3, and 6?months. Latent growth curve models were performed to examine trajectories of each study variable and relationships among the variables.

Findings: Increasing self-efficacy and social support were significantly and independently associated with more reduction of urinary leakage frequency over time.

Implications for psychosocial oncology: Providing problem-solving skills and social support, including peer support, are essential for empowering patients to reduce UI.