Choledochal cysts in adults

HYPOTHESIS: Choledochal cyst is rarely diagnosed in adulthood. When complicated by biliary tract malignancy, the disease has a distinct presentation and carries a dismal prognosis despite radical surgical resection. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: A retrospective study was performed on 30 adult patients who presented with choledochal cyst from January 1, 1989, to December 31, 2000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The clinical presentation, management, and outcome of patients with and without biliary tract malignancy. RESULTS: Nine patients (30%) had biliary tract malignancy complicating choledochal cyst (group A). Compared with 21 patients without malignancy (group B), group A patients had a significantly higher incidence of previous internal drainage operations for choledochal cyst (P =.049) and presentation with cholangitis (P =.03). Four patients in group A underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and 3 received a palliative biliary drainage operation. The overall median survival of patients in group A was 12 months. Complete excision of choledochal cyst and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy were performed for all patients in group B, among whom 2 underwent concomitant hemihepatectomy. The operative morbidity and mortality were 14% and 0%, respectively, and there were no long-term complications with a median follow-up of 66 months. CONCLUSIONS: Biliary tract malignancy complicating choledochal cyst in adults should be suspected in patients with a history of internal drainage of choledochal cyst and presentation with cholangitis. Complete excision of choledochal cyst with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is the treatment of choice for patients without malignancy and can be performed with low operative morbidity and absence of long-term complications in adult patients.     

Cushing's syndrome secondary to adrenal adenoma during pregnancy

Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy is rare because of the suppressive effect of excessive glucocorticoid on the female reproductive system. Adrenal adenoma is the most common cause of Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy. Surgical treatment by unilateral adrenalectomy was preferred during pregnancy before the advent of laparoscopic adrenalectomy. We describe two patients with Cushing's syndrome secondary to adrenal adenoma diagnosed during the first and second trimester, respectively, and successfully managed by different approaches of laparoscopic adrenalectomy--one patient upon diagnosis and one after pregnancy.     

Higher sea fish intake is associated with greater bone mass and lower osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal Chinese women

Summary  

We examined the cross-sectional association of the intakes of different types of fishes with bone mass and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal Chinese women. We found that higher intake of sea fish is independently associated with greater bone mass and lower osteoporosis risk among postmenopausal Chinese women.     

Are there anatomical barriers to laparoscopic donor nephrectomy?

Background: The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of the right donor kidney and multiple arteries, on donor and recipient outcomes in the era of laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy (LLDN). Methods: We retrospectively analysed the 200 donors and recipients who underwent a planned laparoscopic nephrectomy at two hospitals between September 1998 and December 2006. The impact of donor right kidney and multiple donor renal arteries on operative time, hospital stay, graft function, and donor and recipient complications were analysed. Results: Of the total cohort (n = 200), 140 (70%) were classified as Simple LLDN (left live donor kidney with single renal artery). The Complex LLDN group (n = 60) contained all right‐sided kidney (n = 28) and left‐sided kidneys with multiple renal arteries (n = 32). Baseline characteristics, extraction time, conversion to open, length of admission, overall graft function and complication rates were similar between the simple and complex groups. The second warm ischaemic time in the Simple LLDN group was slightly shorter than the Complex LLDN group (32 versus 36 min P = 0.016). The 1‐month post‐operative recipient serum creatinine level was lower in the Simple LLDN group when compared with the Complex LLDN group (117 versus 125 µmol/L P = 0.025). There was no difference in post op dialysis, acute rejection within 3 months or graft survival between the Simple and Complex LLDN groups. Conclusion: Laparoscopic procurements of right kidneys and kidneys with multiple arteries were safe and yielded kidneys with excellent function comparable with those of laparoscopic left donor nephrectomy with single artery.     

Outcome of traumatic extradural haematoma in Hong Kong

AIM: Traumatic extradural haematoma (EDH) is a neurosurgical emergency and timely surgical intervention for significant EDH is the gold standard. This study aims to determine the incidence and mortality of consecutive patients with traumatic EDH admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) of Prince of Wales Hospital (PWH), a University Hospital Trauma Centre in Hong Kong. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data for all consecutive trauma cases admitted through the ED during 2001-2004. EDH was diagnosed by CT in all cases. Both primary and delayed onset EDH were included, as were patients with combined EDH and other intracranial lesions (e.g. subdural haematoma). Age, sex, cause of injury, associated intracranial lesions, skull fracture, Glasgow Coma Scale, pupil reactivity, treatment, length of stay and clinical outcome were determined. RESULTS: Two thousand and two hundred and eight patients were in the trauma registry for 2001-2004. Total 1080 head injured patients; 89 patients had traumatic EDH, mean of 1.9 patients per month. Seventy (79%) patients were male, with a mean age of 37.7 years. Fifty (56%) patients were from road traffic crashes, 27 (30%) sustained falls, 10 (11%) had direct head trauma. On admission, 62 (70%) patients were GCS 13-15, 9 (10%) GCS 9-12 and 18 (20%) GCS 3-8. Sixty-six (74%) patients had a skull fracture. Thirty (34%) patients underwent neurosurgical operation. Overall, nine patients (10%) died; eight patients were GCS<8; five had bilateral fixed and dilated pupils; one had a single fixed and dilated pupil. Four patients died after neurosurgical operation, three of whom had fixed dilated pupils and were GCS 3 prior to surgery. Median length of hospital stay for survivors was 10.4 days. CONCLUSION: Survival from traumatic EDH was 90% (80/89) and 91% (73/80) of survivors had a Glasgow Outcome Score of 4 or 5 (good or moderate). The combination of bilateral fixed dilated pupils and GCS 3 suggests severe primary brain injury. Emergency evacuation of intracranial haematomas is unlikely to improve the outcome for these patients. Even in an urban environment with short prehospital times and rapid access to neurosurgery, outcome in patients who are GCS 3 following EDH is likely to be poor.     

Reduced semantic fluency as an additional screening tool for subjects with questionable dementia

BACKGROUND: Subjective memory complaints in subjects with mild cognitive impairment may represent a genuine decline in episodic memory. This paper evaluates the neuropsychological correlates of the semantic fluency test in subjects with questionable dementia (QD). METHODS: A total of 331 Chinese subjects (118 normal controls, NC, 150 with QD and 63 with mild Alzheimer's disease, AD) were assessed with the Category Verbal Fluency Test (CVFT), the AD Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), and digit and verbal span tests. CVFT performance was evaluated in each Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) group. The total number of exemplars, the subcategory and the category size generated were evaluated. Neuropsychological correlates of CVFT scores were computed. RESULTS: Significant differences in CVFT performance were found between the different CDR groups. The subjects with QD had intermediate scores compared to the NC and AD subjects (1-way ANOVA, p < 0.001, post-hoc Bonferroni comparisons). In NC the CVFT scores were significantly associated with ADAS-Cog total, and immediate and delayed recall scores (partial correlations controlled for age and education, p < 0.005). In the QD group the CVFT scores were correlated with ADAS-Cog total, and immediate recall and object naming scores (partial correlation controlled for age and education, p < 0.005). Regression analysis revealed that age and delayed recall were significant predictors of CVFT performance in NCs. In the QD group, age, ADAS-Cog immediate recall and object naming scores predicted the CVFT performance. CONCLUSIONS: The CVFT was impaired in the subjects with QD. Apart from episodic memory, semantic memory deficits also occur early in AD. The different cognitive predictors of CVFT scores in the NC and QD groups suggest that the test is associated with specific psychological functions at different stages of cognitive impairment.     

Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA in patients with urinary incontinence due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background

Neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) frequently results in urinary incontinence (UI) which impairs quality of life (QOL) and puts the upper urinary tract at risk.

Objective

To assess the effects of onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX^®, Allergan, Inc.) on UI, urodynamic variables, and QOL in incontinent patients with NDO.

Design, setting, and participants

This multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolled patients with multiple sclerosis (MS; n = 154) or spinal cord injury (SCI; n = 121) with UI due to NDO (≥14 UI episodes per week).

Intervention

Patients received 30 intradetrusor injections of onabotulinumtoxinA 200 U (n = 92), 300 U (n = 91), or placebo (n = 92), avoiding the trigone.

Measurements

Primary end point was change from baseline in UI episodes per week (week 6). Secondary end points included urodynamics (maximum cystometric capacity [MCC], maximum detrusor pressure during first involuntary detrusor contraction [P_detmaxIDC]), and Incontinence Quality of Life (I-QOL) total score. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed.

Results and limitations

At baseline, mean UI episodes per week (33.5) were similar across groups. At week 6, onabotulinumtoxinA 200 U and 300 U significantly reduced UI episodes per week (−21.8 and −19.4, respectively) compared with placebo (−13.2; p < 0.01); onabotulinumtoxinA benefit was observed by the first posttreatment study visit at week 2. Improvements in MCC, P_detmaxIDC, and I-QOL at week 6 were significantly greater with both onabotulinumtoxinA doses than with placebo (p < 0.001). Benefits were observed in both the MS and SCI populations. The median time to patient request for retreatment was the same for both onabotulinumtoxinA doses (42.1 wk) and greater than placebo (13.1 wk; p < 0.001). Most frequent AEs were localised urologic events (urinary tract infections and urinary retention, which were dose related in patients not using clean intermittent catheterisation [CIC] at baseline). Significant increases in postvoid residual were observed in patients not using CIC prior to treatment, and 12%, 30%, and 42% of patients in the placebo, 200-U, and 300-U groups, respectively, initiated CIC posttreatment.

Conclusions

OnabotulinumtoxinA significantly reduced UI and improved urodynamics and QOL in MS and SCI patients with NDO. Both doses were well tolerated with no clinically relevant differences in efficacy or duration of effect between the two doses (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; NCT00461292).