A Representative Study of Deaths of North Indian Migrants and Its Medical Certification Across the World

Many Indians is moving to other nations of the world in the search of employment, education or other reasons. The process of globalization along with the faster mode of traveling and communication has facilitated this movement in the hope of getting more opportunities and earning of easy money abroad, than in India. Unfortunately, sometimes they meet a tragic end and their families in India get only their dead bodies back from abroad. This study focuses on these kind of unfortunate tragic events faced by Indians in different countries and thereby raise a concern on their safety abroad and necessitate the need of relooking in to the quality of medical certification of death and medico legal investigations to find out the real reasons of deaths to avoid any kind of doubt in mind. Data was collected from medical death certificates and passports of the deceased Indians. There was a total of 711 dead bodies/human remains received in 2012 at IGI airport New Delhi. The Middle East countries together contributed a total of 398 (55.98?%) cases. The distribution as per manner of death shows that in maximum number of cases (269), the manner of death was ambiguous with unspecified aetiology. The study therefore recommends for upgradation of the level of medico legal investigations in form of 2nd autopsy in recipient country and proper medical death certification.     

Fissure sealant retention: a comparison of three sealant types under field conditions

Two two-year double-blind clinical trials were undertaken involving the newly-erupted first permanent molars of 133 children aged 5-6 years at the outset. In one study of 76 subjects, half the teeth were sealed with the filled sealants Prismashield or Estiseal. In the other study of 58 children, half were again sealed with Prismashield, and the others with the unfilled Concise white sealant, by a community dental service hygienist, as part of her routine dental duties. Subjects were examined under blind conditions at 6 monthly intervals and, by 24 months in the first study, 71 per cent of Prismashield sites were intact and caries-free, compared with only 53 per cent of Estiseal-treated tooth units (P less than 0.001). In the second study comparing Prismashield and Concise, by two years, 81 per cent of Prismashield resins were complete, compared with 88 per cent of the nonfilled Concise material. There were, however, no differences noted with respect to buccal and palatal site retention for either study. It can be concluded that Estiseal is a poorer material than Prismashield, certainly in relation to its bulk retention properties. Nonetheless it is possible that, along with other tooth-coloured/transparent resins, small fragments may not be as readily detectable as is the case with the unfilled Concise white sealant. However, as the abrasion resistance of unfilled materials is poorer than that of filled resins, the similar buccal/palatal site retention for Prismashield and Concise was also unexpected. Nevertheless this study illustrates again the value of sealant placement in the erupting first permanent molars of 5-6-year-old children, at a time when these teeth are most susceptible to carious attack.     

Chemiluminescence of neutrophils from patients with Beh?et's disease and its correlation with an increased proportion of uncommon serotypes of Streptococcus sanguis in the oral flora

Zymosan-induced chemiluminescence was investigated in whole blood and in neutrophils: in both, the peak count was frequently elevated in Beh?et's disease, and was significantly higher than in healthy controls; similarly the peak time was shorter. There were more uncommon serotypes of Streptococcus sanguis in the oral flora of patients with Beh?et's disease. Common serotypes were present in the flora of healthy controls, but not in patients with the disease. The percentage of Strep. sanguis in the oral flora was significantly correlated with the level of chemiluminescence response. Thus infection with uncommon serotypes of Strep. sanguis may play a role in the aetiology of Beh?et's disease.     

A new, small-color-difference equation for dental shades

Traditionally, dental-shade-guide standards are designated in terms of Munsell hue (H), value (V), and chroma (C). However, delta E color differences proposed as ADA tolerances for shade guides are in the CIE L*a*b* system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new color-difference equation, delta EM = C delta H/5 + 7 delta V + 4 delta C for estimation of small color differences by Munsell parameters. The published values of the Bioform shade-guide tooth colors determined with a Beckman spectrophotometer were used. Color differences among 276 combinations of the 24 Bioform shade-guide colors were calculated with Eq. 1, with use of the Munsell notation, and also with the CIE L*a*b* equation for delta E. An estimate of the accuracy of Eq. 1 was 0.41 delta E units when delta E CIE was below 4.0. The Vita shade-guide colors were determined with a Beckman spectrophotometer. This data set contained 16 samples, and 120 combinations were used for calculation of color difference. An estimate of the accuracy for this set of data was 0.35 delta E units when delta E CIE was less than 4.0. The new color-difference equation provides a means for estimation of delta E CIE L*a*b* color difference between dental shades with Munsell notation. This equation will be useful for estimation of small delta E CIE L*a*b* values for shade-guide teeth that are designated in terms of Munsell notation.     

Caries incidence in children with acyanotic congenital heart diseases before and after the heart operation

An acyanotic cardiac disease (ASD) was diagnosed in a 9-year-old girl with a very high caries incidence and premature tooth eruption. After the heart operation her caries incidence declined considerably. An epidemiological survey was then conducted to find out if these observations could be generalized. dmf-t, dmfs, DMF-T and DMFS values for each year were counted retrospectively for a group of acyanotic heart diseased children operated on at the age of 5-7 years (mean 6) and another group operated on at the age of 10-13 years (mean 12), from the documents relating to annual examinations conducted by the public health dental services. The results were compared to those of healthy children matched for age and sex living in the same area. Heart disease resulted in DMF-T values above the control level in the group operated on at age 6 years, whereas the values were lower than the controls in the group operated on at age 12 years, the difference being significant after the operation in the latter case. It is concluded that acyanotic congenital heart disease may lead to a higher caries prevalence and sometimes rampant caries. When the caries prevalence of the population is high, however, (DMF-T higher than 4.5 at 12 years), the effect of heart disease remains hidden.     

Scaling and root planing effectiveness: the effect of root surface access and operator experience

This study investigated two variables associated with scaling and planning (S&RP): operator experience level and root surface access. One hundred and fourteen periodontally involved, single-rooted teeth designated for extraction were randomly distributed among four operators of various experience levels for either an open or closed session of S&RP. Immediately after treatment, the teeth were extracted, washed, and scored for residual calculus in a blind manner. Results showed that there was no difference in S&RP effectiveness for experience level or type of procedure in shallow (1-3 mm) pockets. However, in moderate (4-6 mm) and deep (greater than 6 mm) periodontal pockets, S&RP combined with an open flap procedure was more effective than S&RP alone for both experience levels. Also, the more experienced operators produced a significantly greater number of calculus-free root surfaces than the less experienced operators in periodontal pockets with moderate and deep probing depths. Clinical application of these results suggests that surgical access is associated with thorough surface debridement in periodontal pockets with moderate-to-advanced probing depths. However, more experienced operators could be expected to render more effective soft surface debridement.