Cognitive impairment of acute onset in the Consortium to Investigate Vascular Impairment of Cognition (CIVIC) study: occurrence, correlates, and outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Having demonstrated that dementia of acute onset represents a distinct syndrome with distinct outcomes, the authors investigated whether similar attributes describe cognitive impairment of acute onset (CIAO). METHODS: The authors conducted a secondary analysis of the Consortium to Investigate Vascular Impairment of Cognition study. RESULTS: Ninety patients met our criteria for CIAO. Compared with cognitive impairment of gradual onset, CIAO was associated with vascular features (odds ratio [OR]: 12.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.2-47.9), dementias other than Alzheimer disease (OR: 6.5, 95% CI: 2.1-20.8), and decreased survival (hazard ratio: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.6-4.6). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CIAO are clinically identifiable and have distinct outcomes.     

Massive macroglossia, amyloidosis and myeloma

A 74 year old man with light-chain myeloma developed amyloidosis with macroglossia after 10 years of therapy with alkylating agents. Over a 2-year period his tongue enlarged to persistently protrude from his mouth, inhibit his speech, interfere with normal swallowing and eventually threaten his airway. As a life-saving procedure the tumorous anterior two-thirds of the tongue was resected, with excellent primary healing. Within two weeks the patient's speech became comprehensible and his ability to eat returned to normal. Although rare in amyloidosis, massive macroglossia may occur and surgical correction is easily achieved.     

Sister-Sister in vitro fertilization surrogate pregnancy with donor sperm: The case for surrogate gestational pregnancy

A case of surrogate pregnancy is described in the sister of a 40-year-old hysterectomized woman where two oocytes of the latter were fertilized in vitro with known donor sperm and transferred into the surrogate. A normal singleton pregnancy developed which was complicated after 24 weeks of gestation with recurrent antepartum hemorrhages due to grade 3 placenta praevia. A healthy female baby was delivered by elective cesarean section at 36 weeks of gestation. The legal, social, psychological, and ethical issues of surrogacy remain unsettled and are discussed in this case report.     

Improvement in mammography interpretation skills in a community radiology practice after dedicated teaching courses: 2-year medical audit of 38,633 cases.

The authors conducted a complete audit of results of 38,633 mammographic examinations performed by 12 general radiologists during a 2-year period with a computerized reporting system. During this period, 11 group members attended 17 dedicated mammography courses. Audit results were analyzed for each radiologist and the entire group. In the 2nd year, the number of breast cancers diagnosed increased 50% (from 121 to 181), with a 6.5% increase in patient volume. Sensitivity increased from 80% to 87%, and there was no change in the positive predictive value of 32%. Median tumor size and node positivity decreased. Most major variables of population and technical factors were unchanged. Diagnostic approach was altered during the 2nd year, as shown by a 50% increase in the use of spot compression, magnification views, and sonography. Analysis of each radiologist's performance before and after attending mammography courses showed similar changes. These data suggest that dedicated mammography courses can help improve radiologists' performance and alter their interpretive approach.     

Effects of physical activity on some components of the skeletal system.

Sporting activities impose on the skeletal system forces of a high intensity and frequency. Ligaments, bone and tendons behave in a time-dependent load-extension fashion, and it is important for both scientists and clinicians to consider, for example, the alterations in failure properties shown by ligaments, tendons and bone at different rates of deformation. Whether the ability of the skeletal system to withstand stress can be improved with appropriate training is still controversial. The effects of physical exercise depend on the modality, intensity and duration with which the exercise itself is performed. Moreover, genetic factors, also influencing growth and hormonal status, may exert a significant influence on the response of a given tissue to an external load. Overloading may cause a lesion, and this may decrease or annihilate performance capability. The skeletal system may not be resistant enough, and so it may prove limiting to intensive physical activity. In vitro studies on resistance of a single tissue have not taken into consideration the specific resistance of that structure in vivo, and the results so obtained cannot be readily extrapolated to sporting activities, as in vivo muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and cartilage act as one. This article reviews some of the possible beneficial and detrimental effects of intense exercise on various components of the skeletal system, focusing on its ability to withstand and adapt to stresses and allow maximal performance.     

Congenital adrenal hypoplasia and selective absence of pituitary luteinizing hormone: a new autosomal recessive syndrome

Congenital hypoplasia of the adrenal glands (CHA) is a rare condition, particularly in the absence of a central nervous system (CNS) anomaly. Two major types of CHA have been described in the setting of an apparently normal CNS and pituitary: a cytomegalic type usually with X-linked recessive inheritance and a miniature adult type that, when hereditary, is an autosomal recessive trait. Glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD) is an X-linked recessive trait, and it may be associated with CHA and adrenal insufficiency, presumably because of deletion of adjacent X-linked loci. We report on three sibling infants, one male and two females, with normal CNS and lethal CHA of the miniature adult type, selective absence of pituitary LH; two of the infants also had glycerol kinase (GK) activity that was decreased but not in the GKD range. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of X chromosome markers located at Xp21-p22 was carried out on the maternal grandfather, both parents, two of three affected infants, and a living normal brother. The results excluded the X-linked type of this disorder associated with GKD in this family. Autosomal recessive inheritance is most likely.     

Bilateral cerebellopontine angle tumors in neurofibromatosis type 2

In a series of over 500 cases of cerebellopontine angle tumors, 19 patients had bilateral neurinomas. Four of these tumors arose from the facial rather than the acoustic nerve. A conservative policy regarding surgery had been adopted in an effort to prevent hearing loss for as long as possible. Nevertheless, all patients operated on in this series are now totally deaf. The results of managing these patients surgically and conservatively are discussed.     

ALS and SAD-like nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes are widely distributed in insects

Segments of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α sub-unit genes have been isolated from a panel of insect species by polymerase chain reaction, using degenerate oligonucleotide primers designed to recognize conserved regions of the Drosophila melanogaster ALS and SAO genes. The amplified segments encode elements of typical a-subunits anticipated to play roles in ligand binding and ion channel formation. Each is also clearly either ALS or SAD-like. The predicted protein sequences display extremely high levels of conservation (over 85% for each subtype) even though derived from very distantly related insect species.     

Acute renal failure in bone marrow transplantation.

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a serious complication in clients who have undergone bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The majority of cases develop as a result of intrarenal damage. Renal ischemia or nephrotoxic drugs, free hemoglobin, and free myoglobin contribute to acute tubular necrosis (ATN), which is the most likely cause of ARF in BMT clients. Nursing care of hospitalized BMT clients is directed toward the prevention of ARF by identifying clients who are at risk, the early diagnosis of renal impairment, and the administration of comprehensive treatment. Nurses play a vital role in the early diagnosis of renal impairment by assessing the client's fluid status, serum and urine electrolyte levels, and daily weights. The nursing role in managing clients with ARF includes preventing drug nephrotoxicity, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, preventing infection, and providing emotional support.     

Influence of menstrual cycle, parity and oral contraceptive use on steroid hormone receptors in normal breast.

Steroid receptor was assessed immunohistochemically in 158 samples of normal breast for variation through the menstrual cycle. Patterns and intensity of reaction were used in a semi-quantitative scoring system to examine the influence of cycle phase, cycle type, parity and age. The changes in oestrogen receptor for natural cycle and oral contraceptive (OC) cycles indicated down-regulation by progestins. Progesterone receptor did not vary significantly in natural cycles, but increased steadily through OC cycles. This study provides strong evidence that both oestrogen and progesterone influence breast epithelium, but dissimilarities from the endometrium are apparent. The interval since pregnancy had a significant negative effect on frequency and score of oestrogen receptor and score of progesterone receptor. Multivariate analysis established the phase of cycle and OC use as independent significant influences on oestrogen receptor. The interval since pregnancy was an independent significant factor for both oestrogen and progesterone receptor presence.