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Purpose
To study how cardiac motion affects the spectral quality in cardiac MR spectroscopy and to establish an optimization strategy for the cardiac triggering time for improved quality and success rate of cardiac MRS.Method
Water spectra were acquired while the cardiac triggering time was varied over the cardiac cycle, and five different spectral quality parameters were studied (frequency, phase, linewidth, amplitude and noise). Furthermore, three different optimization strategies for the cardiac triggering time were tested, and finally, a comparison was made between water suppressed lipid spectra acquired in systole and diastole.Results
The cardiac triggering time had a high impact on the spectral quality, especially on the mean signal amplitude and the standard deviation of the signal amplitude, phase and linewidth. Generally, the highest spectral quality was observed for spectra acquired in mid to end systole, at approximately 23% of the cardiac cycle. The exact optimal triggering time differed between subjects and needed to be individually optimized. To optimize the triggering time with our proposed MRS-method gave in average 13% higher signal than when the triggering time was determined through imaging. Lipid spectra acquired in systole demonstrated higher quality with improved SNR compared with acquisitions made in diastole.Conclusion
This study shows that the spectral quality in cardiac MRS is strongly dependent on the cardiac triggering time, and that the spectral quality as well as the repeatability between acquisitions is greatly improved when the cardiac triggering time is individually optimized in mid to end systole using MRS. 相似文献Material and methods: A qualitative design inspired by guidelines based on methods for cross-cultural adaptation of questionnaires was used. In addition, focus group discussions, individual interviews and think-aloud (TA) sessions were performed.
Results: Of the 54 items included in the original DECISION survey, 32 were excluded, 22 were modified, and three were added as a result of the qualitative study. How the health care organization communicated and CRC screening knowledge was communicated were found to be the most important cultural differences between Sweden and the USA. The final questionnaire consists of 24 items.
Conclusion: The process of translation and cultural adaptation of the CRC screening module of the DECISIONS survey resulted in the removal and modifying of a considerable number of items. The major rationale for the removal and modifying of items can be explained by the different cultural traditions between Sweden and the USA when communicating with the health care system regarding screening participation and how CRC screening information and knowledge is communicated. 相似文献
Purposes: Our aim was to study advanced bone level changes (≥2 mm) regarding "clustering effect," prediction, and dependency. Further, we also aimed to study if the number of radiographs/radiographic examinations could be reduced.
Materials and Methods: Six hundred and forty patients (3,462 Brånemark implants) with radiographic follow-ups ≥5 years were included, whereas patients with overdentures and augmentation procedures were excluded.
Results: Progression rate for implants with advanced bone loss was largest during the first year; thereafter, slow. A cluster effect was found with more advanced bone loss in few patients. Position was important for lower jaw implants with larger bone loss for implants placed close to midline. Age, jaw type, and implant placement were identified as predictors. The longer the follow-ups, the more bone loss around a randomly selected and examined implant, and the more implants per patient, the higher the risk for bone loss ≥2 mm around any other implant. Still, it seems safe to exclude radiographic follow-ups during the first 5 years. Dependency within the patient was found, hence the "one-implant-per-patient technique" can be applied.
Conclusion: The number of intraoral radiographs per examination and, more importantly, radiographic examinations can be reduced without jeopardizing good clinical management, a statement valid even for Brånemark implants with advanced bone loss. 相似文献