Effects of communication content on speech behavior of depressives.

Depressed patients were interviewed at two different severity levels in the course of their illness about both problematic and neutral topics, and their speech behavior was analyzed in terms of speech activity and silences. Lowered speech activity and increased silences occurred at higher severity levels and also during problematic communication content, suggesting the mediation of cognitive factors as postulated by Beck's cognitive model of depression.     

Anticipatory nausea and emesis, and psychological morbidity: assessment of prevalence among out-patients on mild to moderate chemotherapy regimens.

The prevalence of nausea and emesis among a series of out-patients (n = 95) receiving mainly mild-to moderately-emetic cytotoxics, was assessed, along with levels of psychological morbidity. Particular focus was given to the rates of psychologically-based (anticipatory) nausea and emesis. Results indicated that 23% of patients experienced anticipatory nausea and the majority reported that this occurred before at least half of the previous treatment cycles. Both emetic challenge of chemotherapy regimen and younger age were linked to this anticipatory effect. The data clearly indicated that nausea and emesis, both post-treatment and in anticipation of treatment, carried a psychological cost with anxiety being highest in those experiencing anticipatory nausea and/or emesis. The role of anxiety in the aetiology of psychologically-based nausea and emesis was not evaluated and it is considered that a prospective study is needed to clarify the exact contribution of psychological factors in the incidence of both post-treatment and anticipatory side-effects.     

Report of the british psychosocial oncology group annual conference 1991

The 8th Conference of the British Psychosocial Oncology Group was held in London on 9–10 December 1991 and attracted over 120 participants. The conference was extended from its usual one day format to one and a half days, to allow more time for both a formal and informal exchange of ideas. Eight invited speakers participated, but proferred papers and posters remained an important focus of the meeting. This is the largest annual conference in Britain for professionals working in psychosocial oncology and an important forum for the presentation of research. As in previous years, the conference attracted a number of newcomers, indicating the continued expansion of this field of research. A number of topical issues were presented in keynote papers by invited speakers. New work in cancer prevention and the associated areas of counselling families at risk and ethical issues, formed one symposium. Communication skills and relevant training needs in paediatric and adult oncology were an important theme of the conference and intervention studies formed the third main topic.     

EMPHYSEMATOUS CHOLECYSTITIS CAN CAUSE PNEUMOPERITONEUM

A case of emphysematous cholecystitis with gall-bladder perforation, resulting in free intraperitoneal gas, is presented. It adds to only nine previous reports. A successful outcome was achieved by early surgery, combined with appropriate antibiotic therapy.     

A new method of stabilizing the chest wall following major chest wall resection

Summary Prosthetic materials, such as metals, marlex mesh and methyl methacrylate have been used for stabilization of the chest wall after resection of large areas of rib cage. Such materials are contraindicated in an infected area. A new method of providing a stable chest wall using autogenous tissue is presented.     

Computed tomography in blunt abdominal trauma: an analysis of clinical management and radiological findings.

We have retrospectively assessed the computed tomography (CT) findings in 92 patients suffering severe blunt abdominal trauma. Surgical findings and clinical follow-up were correlated with the CT findings. In nine patients CT was first used after emergency surgery and provided baseline data which was useful for further management. In two patients CT did not demonstrate small hepatic lacerations seen during previous surgery. No deaths were recorded. In 16 patients surgery followed CT within 24 h; there was good correlation between the CT and operative findings in 10 patients. However, CT failed to detect significant solid organ injury in five patients and was misleading (false positive) in another patient. There were two deaths amongst these 16 patients. Sixty-seven haemodynamically stable patients were initially managed non-operatively. Fifteen of these 67 patients had normal CT examinations; only one had subsequent laparotomy (for reasons unconnected with the trauma) where no injury was detected; there were no deaths. Of the 52 patients with an abnormal CT examination, 43 were successfully managed non-operatively. There were three deaths, including one where an injury missed at CT contributed to the demise of the patient. After an initial trial of non-operative management, the remaining six patients went to surgery where there was good concordance with the CT findings except for one missed renal injury. Active non-operative management of blunt abdominal trauma is widely accepted in haemodynamically stable patients and this report shows how CT supports this policy of surgical restraint in such cases. However, on review CT missed 13 injuries in nine patients overall; stricter attention to technique and better equipment may lead to improved results in the future.