Metabolism of saikosaponin c and naringin by human intestinal bacteria

By human intestinal bacteria, saikosaponin c was transformed to four metabolites, prosaikogenin E1 (E1) prosaikogenin E2 (E2), prosaikogenin E3 (E3) and saikogenin E. Metabolic time course of saikosaponin c was as follows; in early time, saikosaponin c was converted to E1 and E2, and then these were transformed to saikogenin E via E3. Also, this metabolic pathway was similar to the metabolism of saikosaponin c by rat intestinal bacteria.Bacteroides JY-6 andBacteroides YK-4, the bacteria isolated from human intestinal bacteria, could transform saiko-saponin c to E via E1 (or E2) and E3. However, these bacteria were not able to directly transform E1 and E2 to saikogenin E. Naringin was mainly transformed to naringenin by human intestinal bacteria. The minor metabolic pathway transformed naringin to naringenin via prunin. By JY-6 or YK-4, naringin was metabolized to naringenin only via prunin.     

Hydrolysis kinetics of metampicillin by high performance liquid chromatography

The hydrolysis of metampicillin to ampicillin was investigated using high performance liquid chromatography. We developed the simultaneous determination of metampicillin and ampicillin using a Zorbax CN column and 5% acetonitrile and 8% methanol in 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) as mobile phase. Metampicillin was hydrolyzed to ampicillin with half life of 41.5 min at physiological pH and temperature. In acidic pH, metampicillin was rapidly hydrolyzed to ampicillin within a chromatographic separation.     

The inhibitory effect of ambroxol on hypochlorous acid-induced tissue damage and respiratory burst of phagocytic cells

Ambroxol (100 microM and 1 mM) and the thiols (all 1 mM), glutathione, tiopronin and cysteine, significantly attenuated the myeloperoxidase, H(2)O(2) and Cl(-) system-caused destruction of alpha(1)-antiproteinase and the HOCl-induced destruction of collagen, whereas they did not affect the elastase-induced destruction of collagen. Glutathione, tiopronin and cysteine almost completely decomposed both HOCl and H(2)O(2), while ambroxol up to 1 mM did not show a scavenging action on H(2)O(2). Ambroxol (1 to 100 microM) and 1 mM thiol compounds markedly inhibited the HOCl-induced alteration of elastase activity. Thiol compounds significantly attenuated the HOCl production caused by degraded immunoglobulin G-activated neutrophils. Ambroxol depressed superoxide and H(2)O(2) production induced by degraded immunoglobulin G-activated neutrophils and by lipopolysaccharide-activated alveolar macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. The results show that ambroxol may interfere with oxidative tissue damage and decrease proteolytic tissue destruction by attenuation of oxidative stress-induced inactivation of alpha(1)-antiproteinase through both decomposition of HOCl and inhibition of the respiratory burst in phagocytic cells.     

Synthesis of 4-hydroxy-1-thiocoumarin derivatives-1: An efficient synthesis of thioflocoumafen

An efficient procedure for the preparation of 4-hydroxy-3-{1,2,3,4-tetra-hydro-3-[4-(4-triflu-oromethylbenzyl oxy)phenyl]-1-naphthyl}thiocoumarin (thioflocoumafen, 1a and 1b) is described. The key step in the synthesis involves the condensation reaction of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-tetralol (2) with 4-hydroxy-1-thiocoumarin (3).     

Factors affecting practice-area choices by pharmacy students in the Midwest.

The results of a survey to determine the first-choice practice intentions of midwestern pharmacy students and to describe and quantify the factors affecting their decisions are reported. Questionnaires were sent to 12 pharmacy schools in American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy District IV and distributed during November 1988 to January 1989. The questionnaires were given to entry-level pharmacy students who were in their final year of study. The students were asked to indicate their preferred practice setting upon graduation and to rate the importance of 21 factors that a pharmacist might consider when selecting a first position. A total of 715 usable responses were received (response rate, 6.75%). OF the respondents, 83.2% were enrolled in B.S. degree programs and 16.8% in entry-level Pharm.D. degree programs. The distribution of first choices of a practice area was as follows: chain community pharmacy, 33.1%; hospital pharmacy, 27.6%; independent community pharmacy, 12.4%; industry, 8.4%; "other," 5.5%; ambulatory-care clinic, 5.2%; graduate school, 3.8%; department store, discount store, or grocery store, 1.7%; home health care, 1.5%; and nursing home, 0.8%. The three factors ranked as most important in affecting the choice of a practice area were personal fulfillment, salary, and the opportunity to use one's abilities and education. The ranking of the factors varied depending on the practice area chosen. Midwestern pharmacy students were most interested in chain community and hospital pharmacy practice settings. Retail-oriented students placed salary concerns first, whereas clinically oriented students emphasized personal fulfillment. These findings have implications for recruitment strategies.     

PCR快速鉴定actinobacteria三种模板制备方法的比较

目的 本研究旨在建立准确、简便、快速的放线细菌鉴定技术，为普通和极端环境放线细菌资源的调查和开发利用创造条件。方法 从放线细菌固体培养基上挑取少量菌体，用微波炉法快速制备基因组DNA作为PCR模板，与液体培养法得到的菌体以超声波法或冻融法制备的模板进行了PCR扩增效果的比较研究。结果P CR检测结果表明微波炉法制备的模板可进行有效的体外扩增，目的条带特异，而超声波法或冻融法并不对所有菌株有效，并有非特异扩增产物产生。结论 组合微波炉法快速制备放线细菌基因组DNA技术和23S rRNA特异插入序列PCR扩增技术建立了准确、简便、快速的actinobacteria鉴别体系。     

HPLC法测定复方联苯双酯颗粒中肌苷的含量

目的:应用HPLC色谱法测定复方联苯双酯颗粒中肌苷的含量.方法:采用C8柱以甲醇-水(60:40)为流动相,检测波长为248 nm.结果:肌苷线性范围为2.50～25.00μg·ml-1,r=0.999 97(n=6).肌苷平均回收率100.1%,RSD 0.4%(n=9).结论:方法简便,结果准确,重复性好.