四川参叶的生药学鉴定研究

参叶为少常用中药,主产于四川。我们通过调查,发現四川药用的参叶共有8种,均属人参属植物。本文报道了对8种参叶的生药学鉴定研究结果,提出了它们之间性状、显微特征的异同,创设了表皮细胞数的概念,并肯定了它在生药鉴定中的价值。研究结果对于合理用药、开发利用人参属植物资源及人参属植物的分类均有一定的价值。     

Two-stage Study of Familial Prostate Cancer by Whole-exome Sequencing and Custom Capture Identifies 10 Novel Genes Associated with the Risk of Prostate Cancer

BackgroundFamily history of prostate cancer (PCa) is a well-known risk factor, and both common and rare genetic variants are associated with the disease.ObjectiveTo detect new genetic variants associated with PCa, capitalizing on the role of family history and more aggressive PCa.Design, setting, and participantsA two-stage design was used. In stage one, whole-exome sequencing was used to identify potential risk alleles among affected men with a strong family history of disease or with more aggressive disease (491 cases and 429 controls). Aggressive disease was based on a sum of scores for Gleason score, node status, metastasis, tumor stage, prostate-specific antigen at diagnosis, systemic recurrence, and time to PCa death. Genes identified in stage one were screened in stage two using a custom-capture design in an independent set of 2917 cases and 1899 controls.Outcome measurements and statistical analysisFrequencies of genetic variants (singly or jointly in a gene) were compared between cases and controls.Results and limitationsEleven genes previously reported to be associated with PCa were detected (ATM, BRCA2, HOXB13, FAM111A, EMSY, HNF1B, KLK3, MSMB, PCAT1, PRSS3, and TERT), as well as an additional 10 novel genes (PABPC1, QK1, FAM114A1, MUC6, MYCBP2, RAPGEF4, RNASEH2B, ULK4, XPO7, and THAP3). Of these 10 novel genes, all but PABPC1 and ULK4 were primarily associated with the risk of aggressive PCa.ConclusionsOur approach demonstrates the advantage of gene sequencing in the search for genetic variants associated with PCa and the benefits of sampling patients with a strong family history of disease or an aggressive form of disease.Patient summaryMultiple genes are associated with prostate cancer (PCa) among men with a strong family history of this disease or among men with an aggressive form of PCa.     

Mesenteric neovascularization during spring-mediated intestinal lengthening

BackgroundShort gut syndrome, a condition characterized by inadequate absorption of nutrients owing to decreased bowel length, has minimal avenues for treatment. We have proposed spring-mediated distraction enterogenesis to lengthen bowel in porcine jejunum as a treatment for short gut. We aim to evaluate the extent of mesenteric neovascularization in segments of lengthened bowel via spring-mediated enterogenesis.MethodsFemale juvenile Yucatan pigs underwent laparotomy and insertion of gelatin-encapsulated compressed nitinol springs, held in place with plication sutures, into the jejunum. At surgery and sacrifice, macroscopic mesenteric blood vessels were counted between the plication sites. Histologic samples of the mesentery were obtained to evaluate microscopic vasculature.ResultsA statistically significant increase in macroscopic mesenteric blood vessels was seen after intestinal lengthening (before: 1.9 ± 0.7 vessels, after: 4.7 ± 1.2 vessels, p = 0.001). A statistical significance is also seen in the density of arterioles (control: 3.0 ± 3.0 vessels/mm, spring: 7.0 ± 9.0 vessels/mm, p = 0.01) and venules (control: 4.0 ± 3.0 vessels/mm, spring: 8.0 ± 8.0 vessels/mm, p = 0.003).ConclusionIntestinal segments lengthened by intraluminal springs demonstrated total greater number of macroscopic vessels and microscopic blood vessels per length of mesentery as compared to control. This suggests local changes within the mesentery to recruit blood supply to growing intestine.Level of evidenceN/AType of studyTreatment study.     

Mechanical lengthening of porcine small intestine with decreased forces

Introductionshort bowel syndrome is marked by inadequate intestinal surface area to absorb nutrients. Current treatments are focused on medical management and surgical reconfiguration of the dilated intestine. We propose the use of spring-mediated distraction enterogenesis as a novel intervention to increase intestinal length. Given our previous success lengthening intestinal segments using springs with spring constant ~7 N/m that exerts 0.46 N or higher, we sought to determine the minimal force needed to lengthen porcine small intestinal segments, and to explore effects on intestine over time.MethodsJuvenile Yucatan pigs underwent laparotomy with enterotomy to introduce nitinol springs intraluminally (n = 21 springs). Bowel segments (control, spring-distracted) were retrieved on post-operative day (POD) 7 and 14, and lengths measured. Thickness of cross-sectional intestinal layers were measured using H&E, and submucosal collagen fiber orientation measured using trichrome stained sections.Resultsall pigs survived to POD7 and 14. Spring constants of at least 2 N/m exerting a minimum force of 0.10 N significantly lengthened intestinal segments (p <0.0001). The stronger the spring force, the greater the induced thickness of various intestinal layers at POD7 and 14. Collagen fiber orientation was also more disordered because of stronger springs.Conclusiona spring constant of approximately 2 N/m exerting 0.10 N and greater significantly lengthens intestinal segments and stimulates intestinal structural changes at POD7 and 14. This suggests a decreased force is capable of inducing spring-mediated distraction enterogenesis.     

同种异体黑素细胞移植治疗白癜风

0　引言　白癜风患者免疫紊乱 ,黑素细胞 (melanocyte,MC)异体移植有可能不被排斥 ,治疗如成功将有很大临床前景 [1 ] .探索同种异体黑素细胞移植后的效果很有意义 .1　病例报告　女 ,2 7岁 ,确诊白癜风 (稳定期 ) ,患者皮肤自幼出现色素脱失斑 ,逐渐增多扩大 . 1996年外用“敏白灵”,前2 mo有效 . 1999- 0 7外用补骨酯酊 ,日服 5 g· L- 1 硫酸铜 10m L和中药 1剂 ,转移因子 4m L ,sc,1· 2 d- 1 .皮损缩小 ,4mo后稳定 .用健康男青年环切的包皮培养 MC,第 4代大约80 %融合时 ,用 2 .5 g· L- 1 胰酶消化 5 min,加入含 2 0 0 g·L- 1小…     

Differential expression and regulation of p53 in human prostatic cells

Although genetic analysis has convincingly shown the association possibly existing between alterations in p53 tumor suppressor gene and a broad spectrum of human tumors including prostate cancer, surprisingly little is known about ways in which p53 at the protein level is controlled. To determine factors that may play a role in its regulation and expression, changes in p53 protein was investigated by using the androgen-insensitive JCA-1, DU-145, PC-3 and the androgen-responsive LNCaP cells. With the exception of PC-3 cells in which p53 is missing, multiple distinct forms of p53 were found in the other 3 prostate cell lines. A single p53 band was detected in the JCA-1 cell extracts, whereas two and three p53 immunoreactive bands were correspondingly observed in the DU-145 and LNCaP cells. The relative abundance and distribution of the different forms of p53 in the latter two cell types varied with proliferation of cells in culture. In the presence of charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum (cFBS), LNCaP took on the morphology of neuroendocrine cells, a phenotypic change which was accompanied by a greater than 80% reduction in p53 expression, concurrent with elimination of the two slow migrating forms of p53. Induction of apoptosis in JCA-1 cells by treatment with the retinoid 4-HPR caused the virtual disappearance of p53, which coincided with specific processing of p53 into lower molecular weight 28 kD fragments. We propose that rapid and dynamic posttranslational changes in p53 may actively participate in determining mutually exclusive functional cellular events such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.     

Increasing nosocomial infections of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a teaching hospital in Taiwan

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a worldwide important pathogen in nosocomial infections. To investigate the extent of the problem in Taiwan, analysis for the period of 1981-1994 was carried out of prospective surveillance data from the National Taiwan University Hospital, a major university teaching hospital in Taiwan. The number of nosocomial MRSA infections increased from five in 1981 to 133 in 1994, and the incidence increased from 0.2 episodes/1000 discharges in 1981 to 2.9 episodes/1000 discharges in 1994. The most common infection site was surgical wounds, which accounted for 26.3% of total 577 episodes of nosocomial MRSA infections during the study period. However, bacteraemia has become more and more common during the past 14 years. MRSA infections occured more frequently in patients stayed in the burn unit and other intensive care units than in the general wards. Other than oxacillin, the resistance rate to many other antibiotics also increased in S. aureus strains causing nosocomial infections in this hospital. Vancomycin remained active to all these S. aureus strains, even until 1994.     

Marital role attitudes and expected role behaviors of college youth in mainland China and Taiwan

Mainland China and Taiwan have been politically and physically segregated since 1949, and it was not until the late 1980s that limited contacts and cultural exchanges between the two societies began to take place. During their period of segregation, the two societies adopted different approaches toward gender roles. While gender equality was actively promoted in mainland China, the government in Taiwan lacked the theoretical guidance on how to achieve such equality. Gender egalitarianism in Taiwan therefore remains at the abstract or philosophical level with no specification of what gender equality means in concrete terms. Testing the hypothesis that people in mainland China have become more egalitarian than have people in Taiwan with respect to the division of marital roles, the authors investigated the differences in marital role attitudes and expected behavior among selected college students in mainland China and Taiwan. Survey responses were obtained from 185 male and 154 female students from Taiwan and 150 male and 138 female students from mainland China of different years and majors on four dimensions of marital role attitudes and six areas of traditional husband and wife role behaviors. The dimensions were determined through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The data indicate that although most of the hypothesized societal differences are supported, some are not. The authors speculate that possible regressive changes in mainland China and progressive changes in Taiwan during the past decade were responsible for the discrepancy between hypotheses and results.     

Serum levels of interferon-α and-γ in acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection

To evaluate the potential implication ofin vivo interferon production in the pathogenesis of different forms of acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection, serum levels of interferon- and- were measured using immunoassay techniques in 20 patients with acute hepatitis B who subsequently cleared the virus (group Ia), 8 patients with acute hepatitis B who became HBsAg carriers (group Ib), 55 patients with chronic hepatitis B (group II), and 15 healthy controls. None of the controls had interferon- or- detectable in serum, while 15% and 100% of group Ia patients, 25% and 100% of group Ib patients, and 22% and 15% of group II patients, had raised serum levels of interferon- and-, respectively. Serum interferon- was detected significantly more frequently in group Ia and Ib patients than in controls and in group II patients. Among patients with acute hepatitis B, serum levels of interferon- and- showed no significant difference between group Ia and group Ib patients. Among patients with chronic hepatitis B, interferon- was detected significantly more frequently in patients with serum HBV-DNA (31.4% or 11/35) than in those without (5% or 1/20), whereas interferon- was detected significantly more frequently in patients with chronic active hepatitis (28% or 7/25) than in those with chronic persistent hepatitis (3.3% or 1/30). In conclusion, in acute hepatitis B, serum levels of interferon- and- did not show a significant difference between patients who subsequently cleared the virus and those who became HBsAg carriers. In chronic hepatitis B, the raised serum levels of interferon- correlated with the presence of viral replication, while the raised serum levels of interferon- correlated with the presence of histological evidence of active hepatitis.