抑制性和激活性免疫球蛋白样受体在亲缘半相合造血干细胞移植中的作用

目的 分别探讨NK细胞中抑制性和激活性免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR)在亲缘半相合造血干细胞移植(HSCT)中的作用.方法 检测47例亲缘半相合HSCT中的供者KIR基因型和患者HLA-C基因型,随访移植后2年总生存率、Ⅲ～Ⅳ度急性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)发生率和复发率.结果 ①按供受者抑制性KIR与其配体HLA-C是否匹配分为两组,匹配组的2年总生存率明显高于不匹配组[分别为(87.5±8.3)%和(54.5±9.0)%,P=0.03];复发率明显降低[分别为0和(25.4±9.5)%,P=0.05].将病例分为髓系白血病和淋巴细胞白血病,其中30例髓系白血病患者中匹配组复发率明显低于不匹配组[分别为0和(35.0±14.4)%,P=0.04].其他项目差异无统计学意义.②常见的激活性KIR主要包括3个:KIR2DS1、KIR2DS2、KIR2DS3.分别按其供者是否表达进行单因素分析,其中KIR2DS1(+)组Ⅲ～Ⅳ度急性GVHD发生率比KITR2DS1(-)组低(分别为13%和28%,P＞0.05);KIR2DS2(+)组复发率低于KIR2DS2(-)组[分别为0和(17.3±7.1)%,P＞0.05];KIR2DS3(+)组Ⅲ～Ⅳ度急性GVHD发生率低于KIR2DS3(-)组(分别为11%和26%,P＞0.05);其他无明显差异.结论 ①亲缘半相合HSCT中,供者抑制性KIR与患者HLA-C匹配组较不匹配组总体生存率明显升高,复发率明显降低.特别在髓系白血病中,复发率明显降低.②对于激活性KIR受体中KIR2DS1或KIR2DS3的表达,可能降低急性重度GVHD的发生率;而KIR2DS2(+)组表达,可能降低复发率.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of inhibitory and activating KIRs on a cohort of Chinese leukemia patients who received haplo-identical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).Methods Donor' s inhibitory and activating KIRs and recipient' s HLA-C from 47 cases who received haplo-identical HSCT were tested by PCR-SSP.2 year overall survival ( OS), incidence of severe ( grade Ⅲ to Ⅳ )acute GVHD (aGVHD) and relapse rate(RR) were analyzed.Results ①According to Matched (M) vs Mis-Matched( MM ) between donor' s inhibitory KIR and recipient' s HLA-C1/C2 subgroup, 2 year OS rate in M group[(87.5 ±8.3)%]was significantly higher than that in MM group (54.5 ±9.0)%, (P=0.03).Lower incidence of relapse rate was seen in M group than in M/MM groups[0 vs (25.4 ±9.5)%, P =0.05].In 30 cases of myeloid leukemia patients, there was lower RR in M group than in MM groups[0 vs (35.0 ± 14.4) % ,P = 0.04].②According to the 3 activating KIR genes: KIR2DSI/KIR2DS2/KIR2DS3,lower incidence of grade Ⅲ - Ⅳ aGVHD was seen in KIR2DS1 ( + ) group than in KIR2DS1 ( - ) group ( 13% vs 28%, respectively, P＞0.05); and so was done in KIR2DS3( + ) group( 11% vs 26%, respectively, P＞0.05).The RR was lower in KIR2DS2( + ) group[0% vs (17.3 +7.1)%, respectively, P＞0.05].Conclusions In our haplo-identical HSCT setting, match between donor' s inhibitory KIR and recipient's HLA-C can significantly reduce the incidence of relapse rate and improve OS.Although lower incidences of severe aGVHD are noted in the donors with KIR2DS1 ( + ) or KIR2DS3 ( + ), and lower relapse rate is noted in the donors with KIR2DS2( + ) but without statistic difference, no remarkable effects of activating KIRs on OS have been found in our relatively small clinical series.     

不同电融合和激活参数对猪体细胞核移植胚胎发育的影响

目的：摸索猪体细胞核移植最佳的融合和激活条件.方法：利用体外成熟的去核猪卵母细胞为受体,颗粒细胞为供核细胞,透明带间隙注射法构建重构胚,对电融合和激活的参数（电场强度、脉冲宽度、脉冲次数、融合液中Ca^2＋浓度、联合激活参数）进行摸索.结果：发现在电场强度1.5 kV/cm,脉冲宽度30 μs,2次脉冲（间隔3 s）,电融合液中0.1 mmol/L的Ca^2＋浓度下进行电激活,进而用（CB,7.5 μg/ml）＋（6-DMAP,2 mmol/L）激活3.5 h发育率最高,48 h卵裂率为72.5%,第6天桑葚胚率为35.1%;初次尝试了在胚胎培养前48 h加入0.05 mol/L的甘露醇来增加渗透压以减少电激活后重构胚的碎片化程度,但发现卵裂率及桑葚胚发育率与对照组差异不显著.结论：初步得到了适宜的猪体细胞核移植的融合和激活条件,为随后克隆胚早期发育基因的研究打下了基础.     

Age-related biological characterization of mesenchymal progenitor cells in human articular cartilage

Adult articular cartilage has a low regeneration capacity due to lack of viable progenitor cells caused by limited blood supply to cartilage. However, recent studies have demonstrated the existence of chondroprogenitor cells in articular cartilage. A critical question is whether these mesenchymal progenitor cells are functionally viable for tissue renewal and cartilage repair to postpone cartilage degeneration. This study was designed to compare the number and function of mesenchymal progenitor cells in articular cartilage collected from human fetuses, healthy adults (aged 28-45 years), and elderly adults (aged 60-75 years) and cultured in vitro. We detected multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells, defined as CD105+/CD166+ cells, in human articular cartilage of all ages. However, mesenchymal progenitor cells accounted for 94.69%±2.31%, 4.85%±2.62%, and 6.33%±3.05% of cells in articular cartilage obtained from fetuses, adults, and elderly patients, respectively (P<.001). Furthermore, fetal mesenchymal progenitor cells had the highest rates of proliferation measured by cell doubling times and chondrogenic differentiation as compared to those from adult and elderly patients. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase levels, which are indicative of osteogenic differentiation, did not show significant reduction with aging. However, spontaneous osteogenic differentiation was detected only in mesenchymal progenitor cells from elderly patients (with lower Markin scales). The lower chondrogenic and spontaneous osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells derived from elderly patients may be associated with the development of primary osteoarthritis. These results suggest that measuring cartilage mesenchymal progenitor cells may not only identify underlying mechanisms but also offer new diagnostic and therapeutic potential for patients with osteoarthritis.     

Molecular docking: a powerful approach for structure-based drug discovery

Molecular docking has become an increasingly important tool for drug discovery. In this review, we present a brief introduction of the available molecular docking methods, and their development and applications in drug discovery. The relevant basic theories, including sampling algorithms and scoring functions, are summarized. The differences in and performance of available docking software are also discussed. Flexible receptor molecular docking approaches, especially those including backbone flexibility in receptors, are a challenge for available docking methods. A recently developed Local Move Monte Carlo (LMMC) based approach is introduced as a potential solution to flexible receptor docking problems. Three application examples of molecular docking approaches for drug discovery are provided.     

Combination of symptoms,syndrome and disease: Treatment of refractory diabetic gastroparesis

AIM: To assess effect of combination of symptoms, syndrome and disease on treatment of diabetic gastroparesis with severe nausea and vomiting.METHODS: Professor Tong Xiaolin’s clinical electronic medical records of patients who were treated between January 1, 2006 and October 1, 2012 were used as a database. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. General information (name, sex and age), symptoms and blood glucose levels were obtained from the clinic electronic medical record, which was supplemented by a telephone interview. The patient-rated Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI) was used to evaluate the severity of the symptoms of gastroparesis. The effects of the treatment were assessed by the change in the severity of the symptoms of gastroparesis and the change in blood glucose between the baseline levels and the post-treatment levels at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 wk.RESULTS: Forty-five patients had a mean GCSI nausea and vomiting severity score of 4.21 ± 0.67 and a total GCSI score of 2.77 ± 0.63 before treatment. There was a significant improvement in the nausea and vomiting score at every return visit compared with the baseline score (1 wk: 3.02 ± 1.04 vs 4.18 ± 0.71, P < 0.001; 2 wk: 2.32 ± 1.25 vs 4.16 ± 0.73, P < 0.001; 4 wk: 2.12 ± 1.26 vs 4.12 ± 0.73, P < 0.001; 8 wk: 1.79 ± 1.09 vs 4.24 ± 0.77, P < 0.001; 12 wk: 0.69 ± 0.92 vs 4.25 ± 0.70, P < 0.001). Twenty-five of the 45 patients had complete resolution of vomiting during the observation period (mean time to resolution was 37.9 ± 27.3 d). The postprandial fullness and early satiety subscale, bloating subscale and total GCSI scores were also improved. Finally, the blood glucose levels improved after treatment, although the change was not significant.CONCLUSION: Use of the combination of symptoms, syndrome and disease to treat diabetic gastroparesis with refractory nausea and vomiting may be a new treatment option.     

A Role of Cell Apoptosis in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Nonlethal Liver Injury in <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-galactosamine (<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-GalN)-sensitized Rats

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is implicated in the pathology of acute liver injury and can induce lethal liver failure when simultaneously administered with d-galactosamine (d-GalN). At the present time, nonlethal liver failure, the liver injury of clinical implication, is incompletely understood following challenge by low-dose LPS/d-GalN. We report here our investigation of the effects of liver injury following a nonlethal dose LPS/d-GalN and the role of apoptosis in this disorder. Blood biochemistry indexes, including those of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total bilirubin (TBIL), had risen by 6 h post-LPS/d-GalN injection, reached a peak at 24 h and sustained high levels at 48 h. An abnormal liver appearance was found at 24 and 48 h post-injection. Histopathological changes of hepatic injuries accompanied by hepatocellular death, inflammatory infiltration and hemorrhage began to appear at 6 h and were markedly aggravated at 24 and 48 h. Cell apoptosis was significantly induced by the nonlethal dose LPS/d-GalN challenge, and the apoptotic indexes (AIs) in 24 h- and 48 h-treated rats were approximately 70%, as estimated by the terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The mRNA levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β rose markedly at 6 h and maintained high levels at 24 and 48 h; however, TNF-α levels were normal in the liver tissues of 6-, 24- and 48-h-treated rats. mRNA expression of the damage gene nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was also induced early by the LPS/d-GalN challenge, reaching a peak at 6 h, then gradually decreasing in a stepwise manner; conversely, high expression levels of the apoptosis-inducing gene p53 mRNA were not found in the early post-injection period (6 h) but emerged in the crest-time of liver apoptosis (24 h) and were maintained at this level until the late stage (48 h). We also observed that in 24 h-treated rats, caspase-3, -8, -9 and -12 were markedly activated by LPS/d-GalN challenge. These results suggest that a challenge with low-dose LPS in conjunction with d-GalN can induce nonlethal but marked liver failure, the main morphological feature of which is hepatic apoptosis, which may be associated with a high expression of inducible (i)NOS (early post-injection period) and p53 genes (in the mid and late stages) and at least three apoptosis pathways participate in the pathogenesis.