Absence of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in the donor organ reduces ischemia and reperfusion injury in a murine liver transplantation model.

This study analyzes how toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in the donor organ affects the ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) sequel following liver transplantation. Isogenic orthotopic liver transplantations (OLTs) with rearterialization were performed in groups of wild-type (WT) and TLR4 knockout (KO) mice after donor liver preservation in University of Wisconsin solution at 4 degrees C for 24 hours. Unlike WT OLTs, TLR4-deficient OLTs transplanted to either WT or TLR4 KO recipients suffered significantly less hepatocellular damage, as evidenced by serum alanine aminotransferase levels, and histological Suzuki's grading of liver IRI. Disruption of TLR4 signaling in OLTs decreased local neutrophil sequestration, CD4+ T cell infiltration, interferon (IFN)-gamma-inducible protein 10 (CXCL10) and an intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, and IFN-gamma, yet increased IL-4 and IL-10 expression. The well-functioning OLTs from TLR4 KO donors revealed attenuated activity of capase-3, and enhanced heme oygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, along with decreased levels of apoptotic endothelial cells/hepatocytes, as compared with WT OLTs with intact TLR4 signaling. Thus, the functional sentinel TLR4 complex in the donor organ plays a key role in the mechanism of hepatic IRI after OLT. Disruption of TLR4 pathway downregulated the early proinflammatory responses and ameliorated hepatic IRI. These results provide the rationale to locally modify innate TLR4 signaling in the donor organ to more efficiently control the adaptive posttransplantation IRI-dependent responses.     

A comparison of the effectiveness of mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil in the prevention of peridural adhesion after laminectomy

OBJECT: The effectiveness of the topical application of mitomycin C (MMC) or 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in preventing peridural adhesion after laminectomy was compared in this study. METHODS: Laminectomies were performed at L-1 in 30 rats. Cotton pads soaked with 0.1 mg/ml MMC, 25 mg/ml 5FU, or 9 mg/ml saline (control) were applied to the operative sites. To evaluate neurological deficits pre- and postoperatively, somatosensory evoked potentials were monitored and the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotion test was performed. Four weeks postlaminectomy the rats were killed, and peridural scar adhesion was evaluated histologically. The level of hydroxyproline, the area of peridural scar tissue, and the number of fibroblasts were determined. The degree of peridural adhesion was classified according to the Rydell standard. RESULTS: No obvious adhesion formed in the rats in the MMC group, but severe peridural adhesions were found in those in the 5FU and control groups. The content of hydroxyproline, the area of peridural scar tissue, and the number of fibroblasts in the MMC group were significantly lower than those in the 5FU and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: The topical application of MMC rather than 5FU may be a successful method of preventing postlaminectomy peridural adhesions.     

Impaired hepatic regeneration by ischemic preconditioning in a rat model of small-for-size liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: Graft size is one of the major risk factors in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation and rapid regeneration is an essential post-operative requirement. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been shown to be an effective strategy in the reduction of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and stimulation of liver regeneration. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of IPC on liver regeneration in small-for-size liver grafts. METHODS: We employed a rat orthotopic liver transplantation model using small-for-size (30%) grafts, in the presence or absence (control) of IPC (10 min of ischemia followed by 15 min of reperfusion). Survival rate, graft injury, hepatocellular proliferation, cell cycle progression, Stat3 activation, as well as TNF-alpha and IL-6 expression were assessed. RESULTS: IPC significantly enhanced the extent of graft injury and hindered hepatic regeneration in small-for-size liver grafts. The 7-day survival rate was also reduced by IPC, but failed to reach statistical significance. IPC did not affect TNF-alpha levels, but significantly decreased the elevation of IL-6 after reperfusion. These findings were correlated with down-regulation of cyclin E and cyclin D1, and decreased numbers of PCNA-positive nuclei in IPC grafts. These results were inconsistent with Stat3 activation, as P-Stat3 exhibited a stronger and prolonged pattern of expression in the IPC group, compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Ischemic preconditioning may impair liver regeneration in small-for-size liver grafts by decreasing IL-6 and blunting cell cycle progression, through a mechanism at least partially independent of Stat3.     

亚临床Cushing综合征的诊断及手术疗效分析

目的对亚临床Cushing综合征临床症状及检测结果进行综合分析,提高亚临床Cushing综合征的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析24例亚临床Cushing综合征患者的临床资料,并对患者手术前后的临床症状、生化指标及激素检测值进行对比分析。结果亚临床Cushing综合征24例,均无典型Cushing综合征的症状及体征。临床表现为高血压17例,血糖升高11例,高脂血症9例,血皮质醇节律消失13例,24h尿游离皮质醇升高9例。小剂量地塞米松抑制试验均未被抑制,大剂量地塞米松抑制试验16例未被抑制。CT检查均发现肾上腺肿瘤,肿瘤位于左侧者10例,位于右侧者14例,肿瘤直径平均为2．8cm。所有患者均行腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术,病理为肾上腺皮质腺瘤。术后随访时间3个月～5年,其中20例（83．3％）患者术后临床症状、生化指标及激素水平检测较术前有显著改善,8例患者术后需行短期激素替代治疗。结论亚临床Cushing综合征应根据临床症状及检测结果综合分析作出诊断,血皮质醇、24h尿游离皮质醇检测、地塞米松抑制试验及CT检查对亚临床Cushing综合征的诊断有较大价值。手术治疗可改善患者临床症状,降低皮质激素水平,部分患者术后需短期激素替代治疗。对确诊为亚临床Cushing综合征的患者,腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术应为首选治疗方法。     

特发性胸椎侧凸前路矫形对胸主动脉偏移的影响及意义

目的 比较青少年特发性胸椎右侧凸患者前路开放小切口矫形手术和后路矫形手术对胸主动脉偏移的影响及其意义.方法 29例青少年特发性胸椎右侧凸患者分为两组.A组14例患者行开放小切口前路矫形术,男1例,女13例,平均14.3岁,胸弯Cobb角平均44.9°.B组15例患者行后路钉钩联合矫形术,男3例,女12例,平均14.2岁,胸弯Cobb角平均46.4°.两组患者手术前后均行胸椎T5～T12节段CT扫描,在每个节段测量右侧肋骨头至主动脉后壁的切线与双侧肋骨头连线的夹角(α)、椎管前缘中点与主动脉中心连线和双侧肋骨头连线的夹角(β)、椎体旋转(γ)、主动脉与椎体间距离(a)以及与左侧肋骨头前缘的垂直距离(b)并进行比较.将胸主动脉偏移与侧凸的三维矫形进行相关性分析明确胸主动脉偏移的原因.结果 A组患者手术后置钉安全角α、主动脉相对椎管前缘旋转角β较术前增大,在T8,T9差异有显著性(P＜0.05);椎体旋转γ角减小,在T8,T9差异有显著性(P＜0.05);主动脉与椎体间距离a减小,主动脉后壁与右侧肋骨头间距离b增大,两者和术前相比在T9有显著性差异(P＜0.05).B组手术前后椎体旋转及主动脉与相邻椎体的解剖关系无明显变化.A组α角、β角、b值增加量与γ角减小量呈明显相关性(P＜0.01);a值减少量与β角增加量具有良好相关性(P＜0.05);在顶椎区α角、β角、b值的增加量与顶椎偏移减少量、a值减少量与T5～T12后凸增加量明显相关(P＜0.01).结论 特发性胸椎右侧凸患者行小切口前路矫形术后胸主动脉相对椎体向前方偏移并靠近椎体.发生主动脉偏移的原因包括主动脉松解、椎体去旋转、冠状面和矢状面矫形.     

腹腔镜直肠前切除术后吻合口漏的预防和处理

目的探讨腹腔镜下直肠癌前切除术术后吻合口漏的预防和治疗对策。方法回顾2001年9月至2006年11月对227例直肠癌患者行腹腔镜直肠前切除术的临床资料。前期（90例）主要通过保护性造口预防和治疗吻合口漏,后期（137例）采用充分的引流、留置肛管、使用生物蛋白胶等预防措施和保守治疗方法。计量资料采用t检验,计数资料采用χ^2检验。结果227例中12例（5.28%）术后发生吻合口漏。前期和后期手术后吻合口漏发生率分别为5.6%（5/90）、5.1% （7/137）,χ^2=0.022,P=0.88,但前期5例吻合口漏中有4例行腹腔镜再手术并预防性造口,后期手术中6例（占6/7）吻合口漏经保守治疗后愈合,另1例因术后早期发生吻合口漏而接受再手术。5例再手术均于腹腔镜下完成,无中转开腹病例,后期再手术1例未行保护性造口。结论腹腔镜下再手术是治疗直肠手术后吻合口漏的有效方式,腹腔镜于术预防吻合口漏的一系列措施增加了保守治疗的成功率。     

重症急性胰腺炎术后胰腺感染病原菌及药物敏感性分析

目的分析因重症急性胰腺炎行引流手术且术后合并胰腺感染患者的细菌学及药敏报告,为重症急性胰腺炎术后感染的抗生素应用提供临床参考。方法收集2003年1月—2006年4月间86例重症急性胰腺炎术后患者腹腔引流物标本,对标本进行细菌培养,检测菌株对抗生素的耐药情况。结果86例患者中共分离出276株细菌,检出率分别为阴沟肠杆菌（12．3％）、铜绿假单胞菌（10．9％）、金黄色葡萄球菌（9．4％）、其他葡萄球菌（9．4％）、D群链球菌（9．4％）、粪肠球菌（8．7％）、大肠埃希菌（8．7％）、表皮葡萄球菌（6．5％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（4．3％）、屎肠球菌（4．3％）。药敏分析及耐药试验表明重症急性胰腺炎术后胰腺感染耐药严重,对于革兰阳性球菌,万古霉素和替考拉宁尚保持了较好的抗菌活性,对于革兰阴性杆菌仅碳青酶烯类抗生素对其存在较好的抗菌活性。结论对重症急性胰腺炎术后胰腺感染患者,大部分菌株广泛耐药,临床上应依据细菌药物敏感性结果,不断调整抗生素。     

高迁移率族蛋白B1诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞凋亡的受体机制

目的 了解高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞凋亡的影响及其受体机制.方法 分离培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,在巨噬细胞中加入不同的刺激物,分为HMGB1组:加入10 μg/ml的HMGB1;HMGB1+抗晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)组:先加入RAGE多克隆抗体5μg/ml孵育2 h后,再加入HMGB1;HMGB1+重组鼠(rm)RAGE/Fc组:将10 μg/ml的HMGB1与10μg/ml的rmRAGE/Fc混合作用2 h后,再加入巨噬细胞;对照组:加入磷酸盐缓冲液.采用流式细胞仪检测细胞表面RAGE的表达强度.激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞凋亡情况,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率.结果 HMGB1组RAGE阳性细胞率(54±12)%明显高于对照组[(13±5)%,P＜0.01],其荧光强度(126±10)也显著高于对照组(34±8,P＜0.01).HMGB1+rmRAGE/Fc组、HMGB1+抗RAGE组凋亡细胞明显多于对照组,而HMGB1组晚期凋亡及坏死细胞明显多于其他3组.HMGB1组细胞凋亡率(39.5±2.3)%高于HMGB1+rmRAGE/Fc组[(17.3±3.6)%]、HMGB1+抗RAGE组[(14.8±4.8)%]及对照组[(5.4±2.3)%,P＜0.01].结论 HMGB1可诱导RAGE表达上调,RAGE是HMGB1诱导巨噬细胞凋亡的主要受体之一.     

2013年重庆市计划妊娠夫妇乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查

目的：了解重庆市计划妊娠夫妇乙型肝炎病毒（ HBV）感染情况及流行特征。方法2013年4至12月,采用多阶段分层按比例整群随机抽样方法抽取10712对计划妊娠夫妇进行问卷调查。用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）和表面抗体（抗-HBs）。采用SAS 8．2软件进行统计分析,用χ2检验和χ2趋势检验对不同人群HBsAg和抗-HBs阳性率进行分析。结果21424名参检人员中, HBsAg阳性1718例,阳性率为8．02％,其中丈夫的阳性率为9.48％,妻子的阳性率为6．55％,二者差异具有统计学意义（χ^2＝63．39,P＜0．01）;抗-HBs 阳性8967名,阳性率为41．85％,其中丈夫的阳性率为42．39％,妻子的阳性率为41．32％,二者差异无统计学意义（χ^2＝2．54,P＞0．05）。 HBsAg和抗-HBs阳性率均有随年龄的增长而上升的趋势（χ^2＝2．98和9．83,P＜0．01）。渝东南地区HBsAg阳性率最高,抗-HBs阳性率低。不同职业人群HBsAg阳性率差异大,私营业主（9．18％）最高,公职人员（6．79％）最低,抗-HBs阳性率中公职人员（49．69％）最高,农民（39．08％）最低。随着文化程度升高,HBsAg阳性率有下降趋势（χ^2＝－3．33,P＜0．01）,抗-HBs阳性率有升高趋势（χ^2＝9．73,P＜0．01）。结论2013年重庆市计划妊娠人群HBV感染率仍居于较高水平,其中,渝东南地区、私营业主、高年龄计划妊娠人群是乙型肝炎疫苗接种和治疗的重点人群。     

喉返神经分段解剖在腔镜甲状腺切除中的应用

目的：探讨在经乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除术中,根据甲状腺切除方式的不同选择喉返神经分段解剖方法来降低喉返神经损伤的价值。方法在47例良性甲状腺疾病患者经乳晕入路腔镜手术中,根据甲状腺切除方式不同分段解剖喉返神经,观察患者术后发声、术中出血量、手术时间、术后手足口周麻木或手足抽搐、术后住院天数等指标。结果所有患者手术均获成功,手术平均时间105（85~195）min,平均出血量25（5~115）ml,平均住院时间4.5（3~7）d,术后均无声音低沉或嘶哑、无饮水呛咳、术后创面无大出血,术后第1天诉双手及口周轻微麻木1例,未经治疗第2天上述症状自行消失。随访3个月~1年均无不适。结论经乳晕腔镜甲状腺良性疾病切除术中,根据甲状腺切除方式不同选择喉返神经分段解剖的方法可降低喉返神经损伤的发生率。