Although adolescents living on the street tend to have unprotected sex with many partners and substance abuse, little is known about this reality in Brazil. To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with risky sexual behavior among children and adolescents living on the street in Porto Alegre and Rio Grande. A cross-sectional study was carried out using the Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) sampling method to quickly and efficiently access populations of difficult access. Poisson regression with robust adjustment of variance was used in the multivariate analysis. The sample consisted of 231 participants aged 10–21 years. Most were male and aged 16- 21 years. More than half (66.7%) of the respondents did not have a school bond, and 64.5% did not live with the family. Half of the sample had been living on the street for at least four years, spending 15 h or more on the street. Most (86.6%) responded that they had already used illicit drugs in their lives, and unprotected sex prevalence was 61.9%. The variables independently associated with unprotected sex were years living on the street, hours spent on the street, having a steady partner, illicit drug use, and sexual intercourse without a condom under the influence of drugs. The high prevalence of unprotected sex points to the need for intervention policies for this population to prevent the main risk factors.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was successfully used to treat a patient with large neurosurgical defects of the cranium and small pieces of shrapnel in the zygoma and neck. Other patients with a variety of skull defects have also been treated successfully. Theoretical considerations of current pathway in ECT would suggest an alteration through the brain when the skull is deformed, but this does not appear to affect clinical outcome. 相似文献
From January 1979 to October 1986, 86 patients with surgically resectable adenocarcinoma of the rectum or rectosigmoid were treated with adjuvant radiotherapy consisting of preoperative 2,400 cGy (22 patients), preoperative 4,000 cGy (14 patients), "sandwich" technique (27 patients), and postoperative irradiation (23 patients). Average follow-up was 42.9 months. The local recurrence rate was 4.5%, 9.1%, 7.4%, and 34.8%, respectively. The distant metastasis rate was 18.2%, 18.2%, 7.4%, and 30.4%, respectively. Preoperative radiotherapy with adequate surgical resection appears more effective in reducing the incidence of local recurrence. 相似文献
Summary The pharmacokinetics of methotrexate (MTX), 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OHMTX), 2,4-diaminomethylpteroic acid (APA), folinic acid, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) have been studied during 21 high-dose MTX (HDMTX) infusions (5 g·m–2 in 24 h) with leucovorin (LCV) rescue, a component of the therapy of 5 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).The median steady-state concentration of MTX was 66 mol·l–1. Three elimination half-lifes were determined for MTX: 1.8 h, 6.4 h and a terminal 15 h. The median systemic MTX clearance was 110 mg·m–2·min–1.The 7-OHMTX level increased during each infusion and a Cmax of 19 mol·l–1 was achieved at the end. Its initial half-life was 5 h and the terminal half-life was 12 h. Thus, the peak serum concentration ratio of 7-OHMTX to MTX was reached 24 h after the end of the infusion at a median ratio of 8.The MTX metabolite APA was detected in concentrations less than 0.06 mol·l–1. The median folinic acid level during rescue, 48 h after starting the infusion, was 7.0 mol·l–1 and 18 h following the last dose of LCV it was 0.44 mol·l–1, leading to ratios of folinic acid to MTX of 31 and 6, respectively. The median 5-MTHF level during rescue was 0.44 mol·l–1 with a median ratio of 5-MTHF to MTX of 2.Twenty infusions with 48 h MTX levels of less than 0.5 mol·l–1 were without marked toxicity. Only one patient with a 48 h MTX concentration of 5.5 mol·l–1 and a ratio of 5-MTHF to MTX of 0.08 suffered from ulcerating mucositis and septicaemia despite increased and prolonged LCV rescue. 相似文献
Parasitic nematodes infect more than 1 billion people in the global south. The development of effective antihelminthic vaccines is a crucial tool for their future elimination. Protective immune responses to nematodes depend on Gata3+ Th2 cells, which can also be induced by nematode-released products. Whether these nematode products induce antigen-specific long-lived memory T cells and thereby confer protection against a challenge infection is not known yet. Hence, we set out to characterize the formation of memory Th2 cells induced by immunization with Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory-secretory (HES) products, infection-induced versus immunization-induced recall responses to a challenge infection, and whether HES-induced memory T cells show protective properties following adoptive transfer. Our results show that 8 weeks postimmunization, HES induces long-lived functional memory Th2 cells at the site of immunization in the peritoneal cavity. Following a H. polygyrus challenge infection, HES-immunized mice display MHC-II-dependent antigen-specific Th2 cytokine responses in the gut-draining lymph nodes, comparable to those induced by a prior natural infection. Moreover, adoptive transfer of sorted memory CD4+ T cells from HES-immunized donors reduces female worm fecundity following a challenge H. polygyrus infection in recipient mice, highlighting a protective role for immunization-induced memory T cells. 相似文献
Gemcitabine (dFdC) is a novel pyrimidine antimetabolite with documented antineoplastic activity against metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCL), pancreatic carcinoma, ovarian and breast cancer. The side effects of gemcitabine are generally mild; severe infections are reported in less than Ilo of patients. In contrast, other new nucleoside analogues such as the purine antimetabolite fludarabine lead to a significant alteration of the CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratio associated with an increased risk for opportunistic infections. This study investigates the effect of gemcitabine on different lymphocyte subsets during consecutive applications. 16 patients with solid rumours (3 non-small cell lung cancer, 3 pancreas, 3 testicular, 2 breast, ovarian germ-cell, 1 ovarian, 1 small cell lung, 1 gastric cancer, 1 carcinoma of unknown primary); 15 patients were previously treated, received at least 3 applications of gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m(2) as a 30 min infusion, at days 1, 8, 15; q 4 weeks). Lymphocytes surface antigens were analysed by standard technique flow cytometry prior to every infusion. The median number of leukocytes before therapy was 7823/mu l, with lymphocytes 875/mu l, including 68% T-cells (CD3(+)), 9% B-cells (CD19(+); CD20(+)) and 15% NK-cells (CD56(+); CD16(+); CD3(-)), the CD4/CD8 ratio was 1.7. After gemcitabine therapy the median number of leukocytes was 5136/mu l, with lymphocytes 1012/mu l, including 77% T-cells, 8% B-cells and 10% NK-cells and a CD4/CD8 ratio of 2.2. Severe complications or opportunistic infections were not seen in these 16 patients. No significant change of CD4/CD8 ratios and NK-ccll numbers was seen in our patients with solid tumours during weekly treatment with gemcitabine. A severely increased risk for opportunistic infections following treatment with the new antimetabolite gemcitabine appears unlikely. 相似文献
Chemotherapy with anthracyclines even in low dosages, results in myocardial damage, which does not however, effect physical capacity over a long penod but which is revealed by reduced left ventricular wall thickness and myocardial mass. Functional effects include insufficient increase of SF, VCF and stroke volume during physical exercise. 相似文献
Several mutations in genes that cause the familial form of Alzheimer’s Disease (FAD) have been identified. All mutations
in the three FAD genes, i.e., amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS-1), and presenilin 2 (PS-2) cause an increased
production of a longer, more amyloidogenic form of the amyloid peptide corroborating strongly the idea that abnormal processing
of APP is central to the pathogenesis. In PS-1 deficient mice, 80% less amyloid peptide was produced. Instead, membrane associated
carboxyterminal fragments generated by α- and β-secretase accumulated suggesting that PS-1 is involved in the gamma-secretase
activity cleaving the transmembrane domain of APP after α- and β-secretase cleavage has occured. The clinical mutations in
PS-1 which increase the production of βA41-42 therefore seem to cause a “selective” gain of its normal function.
During cortical plate development in PS-1-deficient mice, neurons do not terminate their movement at the outer margin of the
cortical plate, but enter the marginal zone and subarachnoid space. These focal heterotopias closely resemble those occuring,
e.g., in human lissencephaly type II. The extracellular matrix of the cortical plate and marginal zone was altered as a consequence
of a loss of Cajal-Retzius (CR) neurons from the marginal zone. The pathogenesis of this neuronal migration disorder is associated
with a reduction and redistribution of notch-1 immunoreactivity in CR- and cortical plate neurons, a cell surface receptor
operative in cell fate selection, which similar to APP is cleaved in its transmembrane domain during activation by a γ-secretase
like protease. 相似文献