Diagnosis and treatment of vertebral hemangiomas with neurologic deficit: a report of 29 cases and literature review

Background contextVertebral hemangiomas (VHs) are called benign tumors but are actually just vascular malformations. The diagnosis and treatment for aggressive VHs is still controversial, due to their rarity.PurposeTo evaluate the safety and efficiency of the present diagnostic methods and treatment choices.Study designA retrospective study of aggressive VHs with neurologic deficit.Patients sampleA total of 29 consecutive aggressive VH cases were diagnosed and treated in our department since 2001.Outcome measuresWe routinely took anteroposterior and lateral spinal roentgenograms, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance images.MethodsTrocar biopsy is indicated in suspected malignant cases. Radiotherapy was usually our first choice if the neurologic deficit was mild or developed slowly. Surgery was indicated if the neurologic deficit was severe or developed quickly or if the radiotherapy was not effective.ResultsThis series included 12 males and 17 females, and the mean age at diagnosis was 44.0 years (range, 21–72 years). Ten patients had radiculopathy, 1 had cauda equina syndrome, and 18 cases had myelopathy. Twenty-one cases had lesions in the thoracic spine, 5 in the lumbar, and 3 in the cervical region. Eleven cases had untypical image findings, including five cases with pathologic vertebral fracture. The neurologic compression came from only epidural soft tumor mass in 18 cases, whereas it came from both bony compression and soft lesion in the other 11 cases. Ten cases had radiotherapy alone, but two failed and had surgery later. Twenty-one cases had surgery. In the 12 cases having surgical decompression without vertebroplasty, the average estimated blood loss was 1900 mL, and it was 1093 mL for the eight cases having decompression with vertebroplasty. The average follow-up was 51.1 months (range, 24–133 months). There was no recurrence in those cases with radiotherapy, whereas three had local recurrence in those six cases treated by surgical decompression alone without radiotherapy.ConclusionsIn aggressive VHs, epidural soft-tissue compression was usually the main reason for neurologic deficit. In cases with rapid progressive and/or severe myelopathy, posterior decompression and stabilization could be combined with intraoperative vertebroplasty to reduce blood loss.     

Establishing a central zone in scaphoid surgery: a computational approach

Purpose

Scaphoid fractures are commonly fixed with headless cannulated screws positioned centrally in the scaphoid. Judgement of central placement of the screw may be difficult. We generated a central zone using computer analysis of 3D reconstructions of computed tomography (CT) images. As long as the screw axis is completely contained within this central zone, the screw would be considered as centrally placed.

Methods

Thirty cases of 3D CT reconstructions of normal scaphoids in a computerised operation planning and simulation system (Vxwork software) were obtained. The central zone was established after some distance shrinkage of the original scaphoid surface reconstruction model using the function “erode” in the software. The shape of the central zone was evaluated, and the width of the central zone in the proximal pole, waist portion and distal pole was measured. We also established the long axis of the scaphoid to see whether it stays in the central zone.

Results

All central zones could be divided into distal, waist and proximal portions according to the corresponding irregular shape of the scaphoid. As the geometry of the central zone was so irregular and its width very narrow, it was possible to completely contain the screw axis either in the proximal portion alone, waist alone or distal central zone alone.

Conclusions

Establishing the central zone of scaphoid 3D CT images provided a baseline for discussion of central placement of a scaphoid screw. The geometry of the scaphoid central zone determined that the screw could hardly be inserted through entire scaphoid central area during surgery.     

单侧穿刺椎体后凸成形术治疗高龄骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的：探讨单侧椎体后凸成形术（ percutaneous kyphoplasty ,PKP）治疗高龄骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折（ osteo-porotic vertebral compression fracture , OVCF ）的疗效。方法2011年1月～2013年6月采用PKP治疗高龄胸腰椎OVCF 58例共65个椎体,男18例（18个椎体）,女40例（47个椎体）,平均年龄78．1岁（75～87岁）。致伤原因均为低能量型损伤;患者腰背部持续疼痛,无脊髓、神经损伤表现;影像学表现为伤椎椎体后壁完整,非爆裂性骨折。伤椎部位T6～L4,其中58个椎体为T10～L2。术前和术后2 d对患者视觉模拟量表（ visual analog scale , VAS）评分、Oswe-stry功能障碍指数（ Oswestry disability index , ODI）以及伤椎相对高度进行统计学分析,随访伤椎高度丢失情况,记录骨水泥渗漏及随访期间伤椎再骨折和相邻椎体骨折情况。结果术后随访6～36个月,平均17．8月。术前和术后2 d VAS评分分别为8．21±0．72和2．94±0．83,ODI分别为（81．02±7．24）％和（27．35±6．11）％,伤椎前缘相对高度分别为（70．75±5．31）％和（82．14±4．90）％,伤椎中部相对高度分别为（71．72±4．54）％和（84．46±4．51）％;手术前后各项指标对比差异具有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。末次随访伤椎前缘相对高度为（80．83±5．14）％,伤椎中部相对高度为（82．65±6．20）％,与术后2 d各项指标对比差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）。术中骨水泥渗漏5例共5个椎体,随访期间发生伤椎再骨折3例3个椎体、相邻椎体骨折4例4个椎体。结论单侧穿刺椎体后凸成形术治疗高龄OVCF可取得满意临床效果,有效缓解疼痛,改善功能。     

间断低氧预适应对大鼠肝切除缺血再灌注肝脏中EPO的影响

目的 观察术前间歇性低氧预适应对大鼠70％肝切术后肝脏中促红细胞生成素（Erythropoietin,EPO）量的影响.方法 健康清洁级SD大鼠120只,简单随机分为3组：假手术组（Sham,S组）40只;单纯大部肝切除组40只（Major hepatectomy,MH组）,即在肝门阻断下切除肝脏的左叶和中叶,肝门阻断20 min;间断低氧预适应组40只（Intermittent hypoxia preconditioning,IHP组）,术前1周将大鼠置于氧气体积分数10％的低氧环境中,每天1次,每次60 min.1周后在肝门阻断下行肝切除术（同IR组）.各组分别于术后2、6、12、24、48、72、120、168 h进行取材检测,用全自动生化分析仪检测下腔静脉血清ALT、AST含量,电镜下观察残余肝细胞中线粒体及内质网等的变化,采用ELISA测定残肝组织中促红细胞生成素的量,并运用统计学的方法比较各组中的意义.结果 MH组、S组、IHP组3组实验组中术后大鼠残肝组织中EPO水平具有显著统计学差异（P＜0.05）,间断低氧预处理组残余肝脏中EPO含量明显高于单纯肝切除组.结论 间断性低氧预适应可以促进肝切除术后残余肝组织中EPO的表达.     

进展期直肠癌新辅助放疗与化放疗联合TME随机对照试验的Meta分析

目的评价新辅助放疗组与新辅助化放疗组联合全直肠系膜切除术(TME)治疗局部进展期直肠癌的安全性与疗效。 方法检索2002年至2017年PubMed、OVID、Cochrane图书馆、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国知网全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据库关于新辅助治疗联合TME手术治疗局部进展期直肠癌的文献,对符合纳入标准的文献进行质量评价,采用Revman5.0软件检验异质性,进行meta分析。 结果共4个随机对照试验共2 272例直肠癌患者纳入研究,新辅助放疗组1 133例患者,新辅助化放疗组1 139例患者。与新辅助化放疗组相比,单纯新辅助放疗组的完全病理缓解率更低(OR＝0.32, 95%CI: 0.22～0.44, P<0.05),5年局部复发率更高(OR＝2.13, 95%CI: 1.62～2.79, P<0.05),严重不良反应更少(OR＝0.38, 95%CI: 0.17～0.82, P＝0.01),差异有统计学意义。但保肛率、术后并发症发病率、5年无病生存率和总生存率差异无统计学意义。 结论新辅助化放疗总体上优于单纯新辅助放疗治疗进展期直肠癌,但临床应用中仍需要根据患者的耐受情况选择合适的新辅助治疗方案。     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌根治腹部无切口经肛切除套入式吻合102例经验

目的探讨腹部无切口经肛门切除标本的腹腔镜低位直肠癌根治套入式吻合术的安全性和可行性及临床疗效。 方法从2010年3月至2017年12月对102例低位直肠癌行腹腔镜下根治经肛门切除行套入式吻合保肛术,男43例,女59例。年龄36～81岁(平均59.6岁)。肿瘤距肛缘5～7 cm 85例,4 cm 17例,术前评估T₁N₀M₀ 79例,T₂N₀M₀ 23例。采用中间入路用超声刀沿乙状结肠系膜根部游离并裸化肠系膜下动静脉根部后,施夹并切断。按TME原则,游离直肠至肛管直肠环达肿瘤远端3～5 cm。会阴部手术距齿状线上2 cm处环型切开,沿黏膜下锐性向上剥离至提肛肌平面切断直肠,将直肠及远端乙状结肠一并从肛门移出体外切除,行套入式近端结肠全层与直肠黏膜及肠黏膜下吻合。 结果本组102例,手术平均时间为179 min,平均检出淋巴结13枚,术后发生吻合口漏3例(2.9%)行临时结肠造口,3个月后还纳愈合。吻合口狭窄2例(1.9%),经扩张后狭窄解除。术后病理为T₁～T₂N₀M₀ 49例,T₂N₁M₀ 53例。术后12个月肛门功能,Kirwan分级1级占94.1%,肛门功能基本恢复到正常。术后随访6～84月,平均45个月,局部肿瘤复发4例(3.9%),生存满3年以上67例。 结论腹腔镜低位直肠癌根治腹部无切口经肛门切除套入式吻合保肛术,是安全可行,真正达到腹部无手术切口、无瘢痕、美容美观、完全微创的最佳效果,其远期疗效待进一步随访观察。     

血栓形成易感基因芯片的研制及效果评价

目的：探讨血栓形成易感基因芯片的研制方法及初步临床验证,建立一种快速且高通量检测血栓形成易感基因突变的方法。方法：根据GenBank上已发表的血栓形成易感基因序列,将设计好的参照探针和特异性探针点置于醛基化处理的玻片上,经紫外交联后固定,制成血栓形成易感基因芯片。以阳性参考品（各检测位点突变型和正常型基因）和阴性参考品（双蒸水）为模板,经PCR反应后与芯片进行杂交,对基因芯片的有效性进行检测。以靶序列经过测序验证的人类基因组DNA为模板,经PCR反应后芯片进行杂交,检测基因芯片的特异度和灵敏度,并对来自吉林、河南和云南3个地区的健康受试者150人和有不明原因血栓性疾病家族史的血栓患者24例进行临床验证。分析指标为检测相应位点的杂交信号强度。结果：以阳性参考品和阴性参考品为模板进行杂交,相应位点出现特异性的杂交信号,说明基因芯片检测位点有效。用于检测选定突变位点的基因芯片均有特异性的杂交信号,说明基因芯片的特异性良好。标准基因组DNA逐级稀释后检测基因芯片的灵敏度为50~100 mg·L^-1。临床验证结果,在健康受试者150人中8人检出血栓形成易感基因突变,在有不明原因血栓性疾病家族史的血栓患者24例中20例检出血栓形成易感基因突变,该芯片对不明原因血栓性疾病家族史的血栓患者血栓形成易感基因突变检出率明显高于健康受试者（P<0.05）。结论：研制的血栓形成易感基因芯片具有良好的特异度和灵敏度,对血栓形成易感基因有较高的检出率,在血栓性疾病的早期诊断和易感风险评估中具有潜在价值。     

肾嫌色细胞癌(附15例报告)

目的　提高肾嫌色细胞癌的诊治水平和对此类型肾癌的认识。　方法　回顾性分析15例肾嫌色细胞癌的临床资料。男 10例 ,女 5例。年龄 4 7～ 74岁 ,平均 5 7岁。均行根治性肾切除术。　结果　术后病理证实为肾嫌色细胞癌。病理分期 :pT1N0 M0 6例 ,pT2 N0 M0 5例 ,pT3bN0 M0 2例 ,pT1N2 M0 1例 ,pT2 N2 M0 1例。病理分级 :G2 10例 ,G3 5例。 11例获随访 ,随访 2～ 31个月 ,平均19个月 ,1例死于心脏病 ,1例局部复发 ,9例无瘤生存。　结论　肾嫌色细胞癌是一种具有特殊形态的少见肾癌类型。肾根治性切除术是治疗肾嫌色细胞癌的首选方法。与同期、同级的其他类型肾癌相比 ,肾嫌色细胞癌预后较好。     

Anatomical evaluation of the modified posterolateral approach for posterolateral tibial plateau fracture

Objective

The study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a posterolateral reversed L-shaped knee joint incision for treating the posterolateral tibial plateau fracture.

Methods

Knee specimens from eight fresh, frozen adult corpses were dissected bilaterally using a posterolateral reversed L-shaped approach. During the dissection, the exposure range was observed, and important parameters of anatomical structure were measured, including the parameters of common peroneal nerve (CPN) to ameliorate the incision and the distances between bifurcation of main vessels and the tibial articular surface to clear risk awareness.

Results

The posterolateral aspect of the tibial plateau from the proximal tibiofibular joint to the tibial insertion of the posterior cruciate ligament was exposed completely. There was no additional damage to other vital structures and no evidence of fibular osteotomy or posterolateral corner complex injury. The mean length of the exposed CPN was 56.48 mm. The CPN sloped at a mean angle of 14.7° toward the axis of the fibula. It surrounded the neck of the fibula an average of 42.18 mm from the joint line. The mean distance between the opening of the interosseous membrane and the joint line was 48.78 mm. The divergence of the fibular artery from the posterior tibial artery was on average 76.46 mm from articular surface.

Conclusions

This study confirmed that posterolateral reversed L-shaped approach could meet the requirements of anatomical reduction and buttress fixation for posterolateral tibial plateau fracture. Exposure of the CPN can be minimized or even avoided by modifying the skin incision. Care is needed to dissect distally and deep through the approach as vital vascular bifurcations are concentrated in this region. Placement of a posterior buttressing plate carries a high vascular risk when the plate is implanted beneath these vessels.