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51.
The recent move of public health back to English local government has reignited debates about the role of a medicalised public health profession. The explicit policy rationale for the move was that local government is the arena in which the social determinants of health can be addressed, and that public health specialists could provide neutral evidence to support action on these. However, if a discourse of ‘evidence‐based’ policy is in principle (if not practice) relatively unproblematic within the health arena, within the more overtly politicised local government space, rather different policy imperatives come to the fore. Responding to calls for research on evidence in practice, this article draws on ethnographic data of local authorities in the first year of the reorganised public health function. Focusing on alcohol policy, we explore how decisions that affect public health are rationalised and enacted through discourses of localism, empiricism and holism. These frame policy outcomes as inevitably plural and contingent: a framing which sits uneasily with normative discourses of evidence‐based policy. We argue that locating public health in local government necessitates a refocusing of how evidence for public health is conceptualised, to incorporate multiple, and political, understandings of health and wellbeing. 相似文献
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How do people interpret information about colorectal cancer screening: observations from a think‐aloud study
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Samuel G. Smith MSc Gemma Vart PhD CPsychol Michael S. Wolf PhD MPH Austin Obichere MD FRCS Helen J. Baker BEd Rosalind Raine PhD FFPH Jane Wardle PhD FMedSci Christian von Wagner PhD 《Health expectations》2015,18(5):703-714
Background
The English NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme biennially invites individuals aged 60–74 to participate in screening. The booklet, ‘Bowel Cancer Screening: The Facts'' accompanies this invitation. Its primary aim is to inform potential participants about the aims, advantages and disadvantages of colorectal cancer screening.Objective
To provide detailed commentary on how individuals process the information contained within ‘The Facts’ booklet.Design, setting and participants
This study comprised of 18 interviews with individuals aged 45–60 and used a ‘think‐aloud’ paradigm in which participants read aloud the booklet. Participant utterances (verbal statements made in response to researcher‐led prompts) were transcribed and analysed using a combination of content and thematic analysis.Results
A total of 776 coded utterances were analysed (mean = 43.1 per person; range = 8–95). While overall comprehension was satisfactory, several problem areas were identified such as the use of complex unfamiliar terminology and the presentation of numerical information. Specific sections such as colonoscopy risk information evoked negative emotional responses. Participants made several suggestions for ways in which comprehension might be improved.Conclusion
Public perceptions of the NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme information materials indicated that specific aspects of the booklet were difficult to process. These materials may be an appropriate target to improve public understanding of the aims, benefits and disadvantages of colorectal cancer screening. These findings will contribute to a broader NIHR‐funded project that aims to design a supplementary ‘gist‐based’ information leaflet suitable for low literacy populations. 相似文献55.
Are 5‐HT3 antagonists effective in obsessive–compulsive disorder? A systematic review of literature
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Daniele Serata Georgios D. Kotzalidis Chiara Rapinesi Delfina Janiri Simone Di Pietro Gemma Callovini Daria Piacentino Carlotta Gasperoni Roberto Brugnoli Vittoria Rachele Ferri Nicoletta Girardi Roberto Tatarelli Stefano Ferracuti Gloria Angeletti Paolo Girardi Antonio Del Casale 《Human psychopharmacology》2015,30(2):70-84
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Yevheniia Mikheenko Yoshiro Shiba Stephen Sawiak Katrin Braesicke Gemma Cockcroft Hannah Clarke Angela C Roberts 《Neuropsychopharmacology》2015,40(6):1395-1404
Trait anxiety is a risk factor for the development and maintenance of affective disorders, and insights into the underlying brain mechanisms are vital for improving treatment and prevention strategies. Translational studies in non-human primates, where targeted neurochemical and genetic manipulations can be made, are critical in view of their close neuroanatomical similarity to humans in brain regions implicated in trait anxiety. Thus, we characterised the serotonergic and regional brain volume correlates of trait-like anxiety in the marmoset monkey. Low- and high-anxious animals were identified by behavioral responses to a human intruder (HI) that are known to be sensitive to anxiolytic drug treatment. Extracellular serotonin levels within the amygdala were measured with in vivo microdialysis, at baseline and in response to challenge with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, citalopram. Regional brain volume was assessed by structural magnetic resonance imaging. Anxious individuals showed persistent, long-term fearful responses to both a HI and a model snake, alongside sustained attention (vigilance) to novel cues in a context associated with unpredictable threat. Neurally, high-anxious marmosets showed reduced amygdala serotonin levels, and smaller volumes in a closely connected prefrontal region, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. These findings highlight behavioral and neural similarities between trait-like anxiety in marmosets and humans, and set the stage for further investigation of the processes contributing to vulnerability and resilience to affective disorders. 相似文献
57.
Pelargonio Gemma Di Monaco Antonio Guida Pietro Pellegrino Pier Luigi Vergara Pasquale Grimaldi Massimo Narducci Maria Lucia Tritto Massimo 《Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology》2022,63(1):125-132
Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology - Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, occurring in 1–2% of the general population. Catheter ablation... 相似文献
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Francesco Solimene MD Mario Giannotti Santoro MD Antonio De Simone MD Maurizio Malacrida MSc Giuseppe Stabile MD Claudio Pandozi MD Gemma Pelargonio PhD MD Filippo Maria Cauti MD Marco Scaglione MD Domenico Pecora MD Maria Grazia Bongiorni MD Alberto Arestia MD Gabriella Grimaldi MD Maurizio Russo MD Maria Lucia Narducci PhD MD Luca Segreti MD 《Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology》2021,32(6):1540-1548
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Francis Dziva Heidi Hauser Thomas R. Connor Pauline M. van Diemen Graham Prescott Gemma C. Langridge Sabine Eckert Roy R. Chaudhuri Christa Ewers Melha Mellata Suman Mukhopadhyay Roy Curtiss III Gordon Dougan Lothar H. Wieler Nicholas R. Thomson Derek J. Pickard Mark P. Stevens 《Infection and immunity》2013,81(3):838-849
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes respiratory and systemic disease in poultry. Sequencing of a multilocus sequence type 95 (ST95) serogroup O1 strain previously indicated that APEC resembles E. coli causing extraintestinal human diseases. We sequenced the genomes of two strains of another dominant APEC lineage (ST23 serogroup O78 strains χ7122 and IMT2125) and compared them to each other and to the reannotated APEC O1 sequence. For comparison, we also sequenced a human enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strain of the same ST23 serogroup O78 lineage. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the APEC O78 strains were more closely related to human ST23 ETEC than to APEC O1, indicating that separation of pathotypes on the basis of their extraintestinal or diarrheagenic nature is not supported by their phylogeny. The accessory genome of APEC ST23 strains exhibited limited conservation of APEC O1 genomic islands and a distinct repertoire of virulence-associated loci. In light of this diversity, we surveyed the phenotype of 2,185 signature-tagged transposon mutants of χ7122 following intra-air sac inoculation of turkeys. This procedure identified novel APEC ST23 genes that play strain- and tissue-specific roles during infection. For example, genes mediating group 4 capsule synthesis were required for the virulence of χ7122 and were conserved in IMT2125 but absent from APEC O1. Our data reveal the genetic diversity of E. coli strains adapted to cause the same avian disease and indicate that the core genome of the ST23 lineage serves as a chassis for the evolution of E. coli strains adapted to cause avian or human disease via acquisition of distinct virulence genes. 相似文献
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