Short-Chain Fatty Acids Induce Cytoskeletal and Extracellular Protein Modifications Associated with Modulation of Proliferation on Primary Culture of Rat Intestinal Smooth Muscle Cells

Short-chain fatty acids are the main end products of bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates. Their role on the metabolism and biology of colonocytes is now well characterized. However, the functional consequences of their presence on intestinal smooth muscle cells remain poorly studied. We aimed to assess the effect of different short-chain fatty acids on ileal and colonic smooth muscle cells in primary culture and on A7R5 line. Butyrate (above 0.1 mM) inhibited A7R5 cell proliferation, while at low concentration (0.05 to 0.5 mM) butyrate significantly stimulated the proliferation of ileal and colonic myocytes in primary culture. An inhibition was observed at higher concentrations. Collagenous and noncollagenous protein synthesis was stimulated by butyrate. Moreover, butyrate stimulated actin and myosin expression. Thus, butyrate, which is produced by dietary fiber fermentation, may affect intestinal muscles by directly acting at the molecular level on myocytes.     

Early tracheostomy in closed head injuries: experience at a tertiary center in a developing country – a prospective study

Background

An important factor contributing to the high mortality in patients with severe head trauma is cerebral hypoxia. The mechanical ventilation helps both by reduction in the intracranial pressure and hypoxia. Ventilatory support is also required in these patients because of patient's inability to protect the airway, persistence of excessive secretions, and inadequacy of spontaneous ventilation. Prolonged endotracheal intubation is however associated with trauma to the larynx, trachea, and patient discomfort in addition to requirement of sedatives. Tracheostomy has been found to play an integral role in the airway management of such patients, but its timing remains subject to considerable practice variation. In a developing country like India where the intensive care facilities are scarce and rarely available, these critical patients have to be managed in high dependency cubicles in the ward, often with inadequately trained nursing staff and equipment to monitor them. An early tracheostomy in the selected group of patients based on Glasgow Coma Score(GCS) may prove to be life saving.Against this background a prospective study was contemplated to assess the role of early tracheostomy in patients with isolated closed head injury.

Methods

The series consisted of a cohort of 50 patients admitted to the surgical emergency with isolated closed head injury, that were not considered for surgery by the neuro-surgeon or shifted to ICU, but had GCS score of less than 8 and SAPS II score of more than 50. First 50 case records from January 2001 that fulfilled the criteria constituted the control group. The patients were managed as per ATLS protocol and intubated if required at any time before decision to perform tracheostomy was taken. These patients were serially assessed for GCS (worst score of the day as calculated by senior surgical resident) and SAPS scores till day 15 to chart any changes in their status of head injuries and predictive mortality. Those patients who continued to have a GCS score of <8 and SAPS score of >50 for more than 24 hours (to rule out concussion or recovery) underwent tracheostomy. All these patients were finally assessed for mortality rate and hospital stay, the statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS10 version. The final outcome (in terms of mortality) was analyzed utilizing chi-square test and p value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results

At admission both tracheostomy and non-tracheostomy groups were matched with respect to GCS score and SAPS score. The average day of tracheostomy was 2.18 ± 1.0038 days. The GCS scores on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 between tracheostomy and non-tracheostomized group were comparable. However the difference in the GCS scores was statistically significant on day 15 being higher in the tracheostomy group.Thus early tracheostomy was observed to improve the mortality rate significantly in patients with isolated closed head injury

Conclusion

It may be concluded that early tracheostomy is beneficial in patients with isolated closed head injury which is severe enough to affect systemic physiological parameters, in terms of decreased mortality and intubation associated complications in centers where ICU care is not readily available. Also, in a selected group of patients, early tracheostomy may do away with the need for prolonged mechanical ventilation.     

一次性急性力竭运动后大鼠血浆内皮素、肾上腺髓质素、降钙素基因相关肽含量的变化

目的:观察一次急性力竭运动对机体心血管系统内分泌的影响。方法:实验于2004-05在扬州大学体育学院运动人体科学研究所实验动物中心和苏北人民医院生化检测中心放免实验室完成。①20只雄性SD大鼠按编号随机分成一次急性力竭和对照组2组,每组10只,一次力竭组大鼠做一次急性力竭游泳运动,力竭判断标准按Thomas等报道文献的标准。对照组:常规饲养,不加干预。②大鼠力竭后立即从腹主动脉处取血2mL,注入预置含100g/L乙二胺四乙酸二钠30μL和抑肽酶40μL的玻璃试管中,混匀。所有血液标本立即低温(4℃,3000r/min,10min)分离血浆,暂存于4℃冰箱内,并在24h内采用放射免疫法,测定内皮素、肾上腺髓质素及降钙素基因相关肽含量。结果:一次急性力竭组取血前死亡2只,进入结果分析18只。①一次性力竭组大鼠血浆内皮素含量比对照组升高了22.11%[(176.62±13.62),(144.64±14.30)ng/L],差异显著(P<0.05)。②一次性力竭组大鼠血浆肾上腺髓质素含量比对照组升高了6.14%[(254.55±34.72),(239.83±34.10)ng/L],差异不显著(P>0.05)。③一次性力竭组大鼠血浆降钙素基因相关肽含量比对照组下降了46.03%[(90.95±24.39),(168.52±32.23)ng/L,差异显著(P<0.05)]。结论:一次急性力竭运动会导致血管活性肽的分泌严重失衡。     

多孔髓芯减压联合干细胞移植治疗股骨头坏死的早期随访结果

目的:探讨多孔髓芯减压联合自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗股骨头坏死的疗效及临床分析。方法:选择2003-02/2006-12在南京医科大学附属南京第一医院骨关节中心采用多孔髓芯减压联合干细胞移植治疗的股骨头坏死患者22例,共28髋,年龄17～48岁,根据世界骨循环研究学会(ARCO)的国际骨坏死分期标准:Ⅰ期13髋,Ⅱ期11髋,Ⅲ期4髋。长期使用激素史9例,长期酗酒史6例,外伤史5例,原因不明者2例。纳入标准:有髋关节疼痛,功能受限;经髋关节X射线片及MRI检查确诊;ARCO分期Ⅰ～Ⅲ期;患者知情同意并签署知情同意书。排除标准:其他髋关节疾病。自患者髂前上棘处行骨髓穿刺分离与培养骨髓间充质干细胞。取患肢大粗隆下大腿外侧纵向直切口约3.0cm,钝性分离至股骨,在C形臂机引导下自股骨头中心钻入3枚直径4.0mm斯氏针,选位置较好的斯氏针,将直径约8.0mm特制套管在斯氏针的引导下钻至股骨头关节软骨面下1.0～2.0mm,不穿破关节面。将一长注射器针头置入股骨头坏死中心,立即行X射线正侧位摄片,确保针头位于股骨头内,从针头向股骨头内加压注入自体骨髓间充质干细胞悬液1.5～2.0mL。术后12个月随访,每3个月1次,随访时门诊复查,拍正、侧位和蛙式位X射线片,行MRI检查,观察病情变化。使用髋关节Harris评分进行疗效评价,>90分为优,75～90分为良,60～74分为可,<60分评定为差。若Harris评分提高,X射线骨形态变化改善及MRI股骨头坏死区体积变小可认为联合治疗有效。结果:①22例患者均完成随访,进入结果分析。②随访3个月时X射线及MRI检查:2例(2髋)激素引起的Ⅲ期患者股骨头发生进一步变形及塌陷,其余患者在随访期间未出现严重并发症,不良反应及病情恶化。股骨头坏死体积由术前31.07%减小到17.46%。激素组治疗前后股骨头坏死体积差值小于外伤、酗酒组,就本随访资料而言激素组疗效不如外伤及酗酒组。③随访12个月Harris评分:由术前54.3上升到84.6,有较明显提高,其中优7髋(25.0%),良15髋(53.6%),可4髋(14.3%),差2髋(0.07%)。结论:多孔髓芯减压联合干细胞移植是治疗股骨头坏死的一种新手段,尤其适合于年青、ARCO-Ⅰ或Ⅱ期、非激素导致的股骨头坏死治疗。     

胶体磷酸铬^32P关节腔内注射改善佐剂型关节炎大鼠的相关指标

目的:观察胶体磷酸铬32P关节腔内注射治疗大鼠佐剂型关节炎的效果。方法:实验于2006-07/09在南京市第一医院动物实验室完成。选择6～8周龄清洁级SD雌性大鼠30只,按随机数字表法分为3组,正常对照组、模型组、胶体磷酸铬32P治疗组,每组10只。大鼠左足跖皮内注射完全弗氏佐剂0.1mL免疫法制备佐剂型关节炎模型。胶体磷酸铬32P治疗组于造模后10d左踝关节腔内注射37GBq/L胶体磷酸铬32P0.02mL,即0.74MBq,正常对照组和模型组分别给予等量生理盐水左踝关节腔内注射。①每2周观察1次大鼠左踝关节左右径宽度。②关节炎指数评定采用关节炎评分法(0～4分),分数越高,症状越重。③于用药后2,4,6周采用99Tcm-MDP显像感兴趣区分析法计算大鼠左踝关节区和右胫腓骨的放射性计数比。④于用药后4,6周测定血清肿瘤坏死因子和白细胞介素1β水平。⑤于用药后4,6周观察大鼠滑膜组织和软骨组织病理学改变。结果:纳入大鼠30只,均进入结果分析。①用药后2周模型组大鼠左踝关节左右径宽度大于正常对照组[分别为(7.82±0.36),(5.89±0.35)mm],差异有显著性意义(t=12.16,P<0.001),胶体磷酸铬32P治疗组大鼠左踝关节左右径宽度大于模型组,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。用药后6周胶体磷酸铬32P治疗组大鼠左踝关节左右径宽度小于模型组[分别为(6.87±0.27),(7.25±0.26)mm],差异有显著性意义(t=2.87,P<0.05)。②用药后2周和4周胶体磷酸铬32P治疗组大鼠关节炎指数高于模型组,用药后6周胶体磷酸铬32P治疗组大鼠关节炎指数低于模型组,两组间差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05)。③用药后2周模型组大鼠感兴趣区放射性计数比高于正常对照组(分别为2.05±0.20,1.46±0.15),差异有显著性意义(t=7.46,P<0.001)。用药后6周胶体磷酸铬32P治疗组大鼠感兴趣区放射性计数比低于模型组(分别为1.52±0.18,1.78±0.24),差异有显著性意义(t=2.45,P<0.05)。④用药后4,6周模型组大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子和白细胞介素1β水平高于正常对照组,差异有显著性意义[用药后4周分别为(2.039±0.344),(1.115±0.192)μg/L;(0.305±0.034),(0.192±0.041)μg/L,t=7.42,6.71,P<0.001。用药后6周分别为(1.694±0.305),(1.126±0.256)μg/L;(0.259±0.027),(0.191±0.019)μg/L,t=4.03,5.83,P<0.01,0.001]。用药后4,6周胶体磷酸铬32P治疗组在血清肿瘤坏死因子和白细胞介素1β水平与模型组比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。⑤用药后4周胶体磷酸铬32P治疗组和模型组滑膜组织增生和炎症细胞浸润均较明显;用药后6周胶体磷酸铬32P治疗组与正常对照组比较仍有滑膜组织增生和炎症细胞浸润,与模型组比较滑膜组织增生程度明显减轻,而炎症细胞浸润程度稍轻。用药后6周胶体磷酸铬32P治疗组大鼠左踝关节的软骨组织未见有异常改变。结论:胶体磷酸铬32P关节腔注射可减轻完全弗氏佐剂免疫大鼠受注射关节的滑膜增生程度,改善关节肿胀症状,疗效肯定。     

Th1型细胞因子干扰素γ及Th2型细胞因子白细胞介素10水平在慢性心力衰竭患者接受己酮可可碱干预过程中的变化：随机对照

目的:观察己酮可可碱治疗心力衰竭患者后Th1型细胞因子干扰素γ及Th2型细胞因子白细胞介素10水平的变化,评价己酮可可碱对慢性心力衰竭患者免疫异常调节作用。方法:选择2005-09/2006-04华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院心内科收治的心力衰竭患者38例。①实验分组:随机分为常规治疗组20例,常规治疗包括利尿剂,洋地黄类药物,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂,β-受体阻滞剂等。己酮可可碱治疗组18例,在常规治疗的基础上加用己酮可可碱400mg,3次/d,饭时口服。两组治疗时间为1周,且均禁用免疫抑制剂。另选取10例健康体检者作为健康对照组。②实验评估:采用流式细胞分析法对各组患者进行CD4 Th1型细胞因子干扰素γ和Th2型细胞因子白细胞介素10水平进行检测,从而测出相应Th1,Th2细胞的百分比。结果:参与常规治疗组实验患者均进入结果分析,参与己酮可可碱治疗组患者18例,脱落3例,余15例患者均进入结果分析。①慢性心力衰竭患者CD4 干扰素γ表达水平和Th1/Th2值高于健康对照组(P<0.05),CD4 白细胞介素10表达水平低于健康对照组(P<0.05)。②己酮可可碱治疗组治疗1周后,CD4 干扰素γ水平和Th1/Th2值低于常规治疗组(P<0.05)。CD4 白细胞介素10水平无显著性变化。结论:心力衰竭患者存在Th1/Th2失衡,己酮可可碱调节了慢性心力衰竭患者Th1/Th2的失衡,该效应可能是己酮可可碱改善慢性心力衰竭患者症状作用机制之一。     

应用扩散张量纤维束成像技术评价弓状束在语言功能及功能障碍预后评估中的作用

目的:利用磁共振扩散张量成像及扩散张量纤维束成像技术观察正常人及失语症患者弓状束结构特点,探讨弓状束功能解剖学结构基础及其在语言功能障碍康复预后评估中的作用。方法:临床资料的收集和磁共振扫描及分析于2003-11/2005-02在北京天坛医院神经影像中心完成。选择正常人20例,失语症患者48例,其中Broca失语30例,Wernicke失语13例,传导性失语5例。应用德国西门子公司SIEMENS Trio 2003T磁共振仪及工作站完成全脑的数据收集和后处理,观察弓状纤维束的磁共振扩散张量成像部分各向异性(FA)值及纤维束的数量。结果:68例受试者均进入结果分析。①正常人:弓状束左右侧对照差异不显著(P>0.05),个体间的纤维束数量有差异;纤维束平均向异性值左侧高于右侧(P<0.05)。②Broca失语者:弓状束左侧的纤维束数量及纤维束平均FA均较右侧减少(P<0.05),左侧弓状束的平均FA较正常人组减少(P<0.05),其弓状束改变主要是前端纤维束完整性破坏和移位。③Wernicke失语者:弓状束的纤维束数量及纤维束平均FA均较正常人组减少(P<0.05),其弓状束有不同程度损伤,主要是中后部的损伤明显。④传导性失语者:弓状束的损伤主要以功能偏利侧的中部为主,其前、中和后的FA值明显低于正常人组(P<0.05)。结论:①弓状束是联系Broca区及Wernicke区间重要联合纤维束,在语言功能的完成中具有重要的作用,但个体间存在左右侧的数量及结构的差异。②失语症弓状束均有不同程度损伤,损伤部位与失语类型有关,同时弓状束损伤程度与预后密切相关。