Scale-up of Adhesive Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Pharmaceutical Research -     

Parastomal hernia.

Parastomal herniation is a common complication after stoma formation. The incidence can be reduced by using an extraperitoneal technique, limiting the size of the trephine to 1.5-2.0 cm or by strengthening with a mesh. If an intraperitoneal technique is used the intestine should be brought out through the rectus muscle. Generally, the symptoms are easily controlled with a support belt. Various techniques have been advocated for surgical repair. Fascial repair alone should no longer be performed owing to an unacceptably high recurrence rate, but should be combined with a prosthetic mesh. Relocation of the stoma should be performed for primary repairs.     

Social networks of residents in supportive housing

One goal of supportive housing is to enlarge and improve the functioning of the social support networks of residents. The networks of a convenience sample of 42 residents were assessed using scales developed by Barrera. The size of the networks (11.5) was no larger than that reported for similar clients living in other types of community settings but the composition differed. Staff and co-residents appear to partially replace rather than add to family and friends. This is of concern because friends are uniquely important determinants of satisfaction. An association between perceived need for support and network size was also found. These findings suggest some positive influences but also raise questions about unintended negative consequences of living in artificially constructed social environments.When this project was undertaken, Dr. Goering, Janet Durbin, Bill Lancee and Taras Babiak were all members of the Social and Community Psychiatry Section, Clarke Institute. Robert Foster was Executive Director of Regeneration House, Inc., where Susan Boyles is Assistant Executive Director.     

Causes of blindness in children attending four schools for the blind in Thailand and the Philippines

Using WHO definitions of visual loss and a standardised methodology, 256 children were examined in schools for the blind in Thailand (1 school) and the Philippines (3 schools). 244 (95%) were blind (BL) or severely visually impaired (SVI). Causes of SVI and blindness were classified anatomically and aetiologically, and avoidable causes identified. Causes of visual loss in Khon Kaen, Thailand (n = 65) and Manila, Philippines, (n = 113) were similar, with conditions of the whole globe accounting for 27.7 and 27.4% of SVI/BL; retinal disease 29.2 and 23.0%; cataract 16.9 and 16.8%; corneal disease 12.3 and 13.4%; and optic nerve disease and glaucoma 6.2 and 8.8%. Perinatal factors accounted for 20.0 and 23.0% of SVI/BL; hereditary disease 13.8 and 17.7%; and 12.3 and 15.0% was due to events occurring during childhood. The underlying aetiology could not be determined in 50.8 and 41.6% of cases, respectively. In the two schools together twenty six children (15%) were blind from retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and 16 (9%) from corneal scarring attributed to Vitamin A deficiency. 103 of 178 (58%) children had avoidable causes of visual loss. In the Filipino towns of Baguio and Davao (n = 66), the causes of visual loss were different from those in Khon Kaen and Manila, with 54.8 and 42.9% of SVI/BL being due to corneal disease, and only 3.2 and 8.5% to retinal disease. Childhood factors were more important (61.3 and 57.1%) than hereditary (9.7 and 17.1%) or perinatal factors (0 and 2.9%). Thirty one children (47%) had SVI/BL attributed to Vitamin A deficiency. No child was blind from ROP. 42 of 66 (64%) of children had avoidable causes of blindness. Overall 60% of children with SVI/BL had avoidable causes of visual loss in these 4 schools. Approximately half could have been prevented by primary health and eye care services and half could have been managed by surgical ophthalmological procedures. The causes of blindness identified in this blind school study suggest that the major causes are different for schools serving rural populations compared to those serving urban communities. Different control strategies are required for the different situations.