Rapid Effects on Lipoprotein Lipase Activity in Adipose Tissue of Humans after Carbohydrate and Lipid Intake Time Course and Relation to Plasma Glycerol,Triglyceride, and Insulin Levels

Glucose or corn oil was given perorally to fasting, young healthy volunteers, and the time course of acute effects on lipoprotein lipase activity (LLA) in adipose tissue, plasma glycerol, triglyceride, insulin, and blood glucose levels was followed. After glucose intake, adipose tissue LLA increased rapidly. reaching a maximum of 80 per cent above initial level after 2 h. Plasma glycerol, reflecting the rate of lipolysis of depot lipids, decreased rapidly, temporally well correlated to the LLA changes. After corn oil intake no significant effect on any of the parameters studied was observed except for an increase in the plasma triglyceride level caused by the influx of dietary lipid.     

Patients,diagnoses and processes in general practice in the Nordic countries. An attempt to make data from computerised medical records available for comparable statistics

Objective - To try out a collection of a standard set of data from computerised medical records. Design - Retrospective extraction of ordinary patient record information put into the computer by general practitioners. Setting - Encounters in office hours in strategically selected practices or health centres in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Subjects - 59 general practitioners and a total study population of 97475 persons. Main outcome measures - Proportions, crude and specific rates of encounters, diagnoses and processes. Results - In a 4-week period there was a threefold difference in the office encounter rates between the participating sites in the Nordic countries. Gender and age patterns were similar despite these differ ences. An access to several different denominators revealed diverse patterns of referring to the specialist, prescribing, ordering blood tests, X-rays and physiotherapy. Data from computerised medical records agree well with earlier studies in the Nordic countries using other methods. Conclusions - This survey demonstrates that valid and reliable data for routine statistics are available from computerised medical records in general practice. The major obstacle extracting more epidemiological data from computerised medical records is caused by information in the databases not being uniquely linked to episodes of care.     

Donor interleukin-4 promoter gene polymorphism influences allograft rejection after heart transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) is secreted mainly by activated T lymphocytes and characterizes the T-helper 2 (Th2) sub-type. In transplantation Th2 cells are believed to induce graft tolerance. Previous studies revealed that patients with a relatively high frequency of IL-4 producing helper T lymphocytes (HTL) before heart transplantation (HTX) had no or less rejection episodes compared with patients with a low frequency of IL-4 producing HTL. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in the promoter region of the IL-4 gene, which influence promoter strength. We investigated whether there was a correlation between SNP genotypes in the IL-4 promoter and heart failure, and rejection after HTX. METHODS: Seventy HTX patients, 61 donors, and 36 controls were genotyped for the 3 SNPs by sequencing. RESULTS: Of the SNPs at -285 and -81, only the C and A alleles, respectively, were found in this study. Both alleles were found for the -590 SNP. No relation between patient genotype of the SNP at -590 and heart failure and rejection was found. However, incidence of rejection was significantly lower in patients that received a donor heart with the T-positive genotype compared with patients that received a heart from a T-negative donor. Patients who had the T-negative genotype and received a heart from a T-positive donor, suffered significantly less from rejection than T-negative patients that received a T-negative donor heart. This was not significant in the T-positive patient group. CONCLUSIONS: This indicates that IL-4 production within the donor heart and by cells from the donor is important for reducing incidence of episodes of rejection.     

Morbidity and mortality of gastrectomy for cancer in Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to define risk factors that predict 30-day morbidity and mortality after gastrectomy for cancer in Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers. METHODS: The VA National Surgical Quality Improvement Program prospectively collected data on 708 patients undergoing gastrectomy for cancer in 123 participating VA medical centers from 1991 to 1998. Independent variables included 68 preoperative patient characteristics and 12 intraoperative variables; the dependent variables were 21 defined adverse outcomes and death. Predictive models for 30-day morbidity and mortality were constructed by using stepwise logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The 30-day morbidity rate was 33.3% (236 of 708). The overall 30-day mortality rate was 7.6% (54 of 708). Significant positive predictors of morbidity (P <.05) included current pneumonia, American Society of Anesthesiologists class IV (threat to life), partially dependent functional status, dyspnea on minimal exertion, preoperative transfusion, extended operative time, and increasing age. Significant positive predictors of mortality (P <.05) included do not resuscitate status, prior stroke, intraoperative transfusion, preoperative weight loss, preoperative transfusion, and elevated preoperative alkaline phosphatase level. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors predicting morbidity and mortality rates at VA hospitals after gastrectomy for gastric cancer are reported by using a prospectively collected, multi-institutional database. Assigning relative weights to factors associated with adverse outcomes may help improve patient care.     

No difference in clinical outcome after posterolateral lumbar fusion between patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis and those with degenerative disc disease using pedicle screw instrumentation: a comparative study of 112 patients with 4 years of follow-up

We compared the clinical outcome after spinal fusion between patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis and those with degenerative disc disease of the lumbar spine, using multiple logistic regression analysis. A questionnaire describing medication, pain, vocational status and patient satisfaction was mailed to all the patients at a median interval of 4 years after their operation. Fusion was evaluated on plain radiographs at a minimum of 12 months after surgery, and patients were classified as fused or not fused. The overall satisfaction rate was 70%. The results of the present study showed no difference in the outcome after spinal fusion between the two groups of patients. The factors that significantly increased the likelihood of an optimal result - defined as patient satisfaction, return to work, and reduced medication - were male gender, being in work prior to surgery, and being a non-smoker. Since spinal fusion is an expensive treatment with potentially serious risks, and leaves one-third of the patients with an unsatisfactory result, we believe that more studies focusing on the indications for surgery should be performed.