Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia among antiretroviral naive patients co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV-1 compared to patients without co-infection

OBJECTIVE: An increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with HCV in the non-HIV infected populations. To describe a similar association among HIV subjects, and explore the biological mechanisms. METHODS: In a cross-sectional analysis, we compared the prevalence of DM (using American Diabetes Association criteria) and insulin resistance (HOMA IR) and dyslipidemia among ARV naive patients with HIV and HIV/HCV infected patients enrolled in CPCRA FIRST (058) and the Metabolic Substudy (061). RESULTS: Among 1389 enrolled in the FIRST study and had HCV serology, the prevalence of diabetes was higher (5.9%) among HCV/HIV as compared to 3.3% among those with HIV alone (p=0.04). Among 417 enrolled in the metabolic substudy, 88 (21%) had HIV/HCV co-infection. As in the main study, the prevalence of DM was higher in HIV/HCV group (9 vs. 3%, p=0.03). The HIV/HCV infected were significantly older (43 vs. 37 years), non-white (83 vs. 70%), with a history of IDU (55 vs. 3%), had higher AST (61 vs. 39 U/l), ALT (55 vs. 43 U/l,) and lower cholesterol levels (3.97 vs. 4.25 mmol/l). By multivariate analysis among subjects <50 years, association between HCV and diabetes remained significant after adjusting for BMI, family history of diabetes (OR=3.7, 95% CI: 1.3-11.1, p=0.02). The insulin resistance (HOMA IR) was not different between the two groups, however, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was lower among HCV co-infected subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with HIV/HCV co-infection have a higher prevalence of diabetes and thus may need to be screened for it prior to initiation of anti-retroviral therapy, particularly if it is a PI based regimen.     

Transient neurologic deficit after acetazolamide challenge for computed tomography perfusion imaging

A case of transient neurologic deficit associated with the acetazolamide challenge conducted in conjunction with dynamic enhanced computed tomography (CT) perfusion imaging for the evaluation of cerebral hemodynamic impairment is reported in a patient with known cerebrovascular steno-occlusive disease. Combining the acetazolamide challenge with dynamic CT perfusion provides a rapid and widely available technique to assess cerebrovascular reactivity; however, one must be cognizant of this serious potential adverse response.     

Pain at midlife

Although menopause is a normal developmental milestone through which all women pass, the transition has been long associated with chronic pain conditions that may be more accurately viewed as secondary to aging. Clinicians need to understand management of pain problems women may experience. This article examines pain syndromes including headache, back pain, osteoarthritis, pelvic pain, vulvo-vaginal pain, and burning mouth syndrome.     

Crohn's-associated chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis responsive to infliximab

We report a case of chronic recurrent clavicular osteomyelitis in association with Crohn disease. Steroid therapy resulted in partial remission; however, intractable shoulder pain and an enlarging clavicular mass subsequently recurred. Infliximab therapy resulted in significant improvement in the degree of bone pain and resolution of the large sclerotic clavicular lesion.     

Enteric campylobacter: purging its secrets?

Campylobacterial infections are the most common cause of bacterial enterocolitis in humans. Among children, especially in developing countries, Campylobacter infections can cause severe life-threatening diarrheal disease. Although usually associated with a benign outcome in the developed world, the burden of illness posed by Campylobacter infections is enormous, and serious neurologic sequelae also can occur. For a variety of reasons our understanding of the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of Campylobacter infection has lagged far behind that of other enteric pathogens. However, recent completion of the genome sequence of Campylobacter jejuni promises to open up the Campylobacter research field with the prospect of developing novel therapeutic and preventive strategies.