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11.
RAL Dampney Y. Hirooka PD Potts GA Head 《Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology》1996,23(Z3):105-111
- 1 It was first shown several years ago that the rostral part of the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) contains a high density of receptor binding sites for angiotensin II (AngII). In the present paper we briefly review recent studies aimed at determining the actions of both exogenous and endogenous angiotensin peptides in the rostral VLM, as well as their specific sites of action.
- 2 The results of these studies have shown that angiotensin peptides can excite pressor and sympathoexcitatory neurons in the rostral VLM, but do not appear to affect non-cardiovascular neurons in this region.
- 3 It is known that pressor neurons in the rostral VLM include both catecholamine and non-catecholamine neurons. There is evidence that, at least in conscious rabbits, both of these types of neurons are activated by AngII. The specific endogenous angiotensin peptide or peptides that affect pressor neurons in the rostral VLM have not yet been definitively identified.
- 4 It is also possible that different angiotensin peptides may have different effects on pressor neurons in the rostral VLM, mediated by different receptors. Further studies will be needed to define these different functions as well as the specific receptors and cellular mechanisms that subserve them.
12.
GA Smith SD Strausbaugh C Harbeck-Weber DM Cohen BJ Shields JD Powers 《Pediatrics》1997,100(5):825-830
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of three new topical anesthetics that do not contain cocaine (prilocaine-phenylephrine, tetracaine-phenylephrine [tetraphen], and tetracaine-lidocaine-phenylephrine) to that of tetracaine-adrenaline-cocaine (TAC) during laceration repair in children. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. SETTING: The emergency department of an urban children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Children 1 year of age or older with a laceration = 5 cm in length that required suturing. Intervention. A total of 240 children were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain felt during suturing was scored by suture technicians, research assistants, parents, and patients >/= 5 years of age using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Suture technicians, research assistants, and parents also scored pain using a seven-point Likert scale. In addition, suture technicians completed an anesthetic effectiveness scale. RESULTS: There was consistently no difference demonstrated between the effectiveness of tetraphen and that of TAC for each outcome measure of each observer group. A statistically significant difference was seen among anesthetics when comparing VAS and Likert scale scores of suture technicians and Likert scale scores of research assistants. Based on post hoc analyses, these statistically significant differences were between TAC and prilocaine-phenylephrine (suture technician VAS and Likert scale) and between TAC and tetracaine-lidocaine-phenyl-ephrine (suture technician Likert scale), but not between TAC and tetraphen. When power analyses were performed using alpha = 0.05 and beta = 0.20, it was possible to detect a difference of 1.2 VAS units for each of the observer groups. Based on anesthetic effectiveness scale scores, the three new topical preparations collectively performed significantly better on the face and scalp than on the extremities (relative risk = 1.83; 95% confidence interval 1.20 < relative risk < 2.79). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of three new non-cocaine-containing topical anesthetics. Consistently, there was no statistical difference demonstrated between the effectiveness of tetraphen and that of TAC for each outcome measure of each observer group. Tetraphen offers an effective alternative to TAC during laceration repair in children. 相似文献
13.
Graham G Dark A Hilary Calvert Robert Grimshaw Christopher Poole Ken Swenerton Stan Kaye Robert Coleman Gordon Jayson Tien Le Susan Ellard Marc Trudeau Paul Vasey Marta Hamilton Terri Cameron Emma Barrett Wendy Walsh Lynn McIntosh Elizabeth A Eisenhauer 《Journal of clinical oncology》2005,23(9):1859-1866
PURPOSE: Liposomal lurtotecan (OSI-211) is a liposomal formulation of the water-soluble topoisomerase I inhibitor lurtotecan (GI147211), which demonstrated superior levels of activity compared with topotecan in preclinical models. We studied two schedules of OSI-211 in a randomized design in relapsed ovarian cancer to identify the more promising of the two schedules for further study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients had measurable epithelial ovarian, fallopian, or primary peritoneal cancer that was recurrent after one or two prior regimens of chemotherapy. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either arm A (OSI-211 1.8 mg/m(2)/d administered by 30-minute intravenous infusion on days 1, 2, and 3 every 3 weeks) or arm B (OSI-211 2.4 mg/m(2)/d administered by 30-minute intravenous infusion on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks). The primary outcome measure was objective response, which was confirmed by independent radiologic review, and a pick the winner statistical design was used to identify the schedule most likely to be superior. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients were randomized between October 2000 and September 2001. The hematologic toxic effects were greater on arm A than on arm B (grade 4 neutropenia, 51% v 22%, respectively), as was febrile neutropenia (26% v 2.4%, respectively). Of the 80 eligible patients, eight patients (10%) had objective responses; six responders (15.4%; 95% CI, 6% to 30%) were in arm A and two responders (4.9%; 95% CI, 1% to 17%) were in arm B. CONCLUSION: The OSI-211 daily for 3 days intravenous schedule met the statistical criteria to be declared the winner in terms of objective response. This schedule was also associated with more myelosuppression than the schedule of OSI-211 administered in arm B. 相似文献
14.
目的 探讨CD4+T细胞数/CD8+T细胞数作为大鼠同种异体小肠移植急性免疫排斥反应指标的可行性.方法 选取健康雄性成年SD、Wistar大鼠建立同种异体小肠移植模型,于大鼠术前和术后1、3、5、7、9d共6个时间段静脉取血,应用免疫荧光染色技术及流式细胞仪检测CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞百分率,并计算其比值.同期取移植小肠标本做组织学检测.结果 术后CD4+T细胞数和CD8+T细胞数比值前期增高后期降低.组织病理学检测发现术后小肠移植物的排斥反应由轻到重,术后第5天始CD4+T细胞数和CD8+T细胞数比值与急性免疫排斥反应程度呈正相关.结论 CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞数比值作为大鼠同种异体小肠移植术后急性免疫排斥反应的监测指标的可行性较大. 相似文献
15.
目的 观察兰索拉唑与莫沙必利联合治疗反流性食管炎的临床效果.方法 89例反流性食管炎患者随机分为两组,治疗组50例用兰索拉唑和莫沙必利,对照组39例用盐酸雷尼替丁胶囊,观察治疗前及治疗后4、8周的临床症状改善情况和内镜变化.结果 用药4周时,治疗组反酸、恶心及胸骨后疼痛治疗有效率分别为78%、84%、82%,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).用药8周结束时,治疗组反酸、恶心及胸骨后疼痛全部改善,总有效率分别是98%、98%和93%,明显优于对照组的64%、81%和73%(均P<0.05);内镜4周、8周复查治疗组与对照组食管黏膜病损愈合率分别为84%和62%,96%和77%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 兰索拉唑、莫沙必利联合用药是治疗反流性食管炎安全、有效的方法. 相似文献
16.
Acute otomastoiditis and its complications: role of CT 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Acute bacterial (suppurative) otomastoiditis responds to antibiotic treatment; radiologic study is required only when there is clinical suggestion of coalescent mastoiditis, intracranial complications, or an underlying chronic disease. Computed tomography (CT) is the method of choice for evaluating otogenic intra- or extra-cranial complications. CT scans can show stages of disease progression when infection has spread by way of soft tissue, blood, and bone pathways into the dural venous sinuses, meninges, labyrinth, facial nerves, epidural and other intracranial spaces. When there is clinical suggestion of acute coalescent mastoiditis, a CT scan of the temporal bone can confirm the presence of rarefying osteitis, coalescence of the air cells, and subperiosteal abscess. 相似文献
17.
S McKenna GA Evans Canadian Infectious Disease Society Antimicrobial Agents Committee 《The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology》2001,12(4):218-231
Since the introduction of erythromycin in 1965, no new compounds from the macrolide antimicrobial class were licensed in Canada until the 1990s. Clarithromycin and azithromycin, since their introduction, have become important agents for treating a number of common and uncommon infectious diseases. They have become prime agents in the treatment of respiratory tract infections, and have revolutionized the management of both genital chlamydial infections, by the use of single-dose therapy with azithromycin, and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, by the use of clarithromycin. The improvement of clarithromycin and azithromycin over the gastrointestinal intolerability of erythromycin has led to supplanting the use of the latter for many primary care physicians. Unfortunately, the use of these agents has also increased the likelihood for misuse and has raised concerns about a resultant increase in the rates of macrolide resistance in many important pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. This paper reviews the pharmacology and evidence for the current indications for use of these newer agents, and provides recommendations for appropriate use.Key Words: Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin, Macrolides, Review, Therapeutic useErythromycin A is a naturally occurring, microbiologically active compound of the macrolide class of antibiotics. Chemical modification of erythromycin A''s 14-membered lactone ring has led to the formation of semisynthetic derivatives with not only improved bioavailability and tolerability, but also expanded spectrums of microbiological activity and improved pharmacokinetic profiles. Such modifications produced clarithromycin, classified as a macrolide because it retains the central 14-membered lactone ring (1,2), and azithromycin, classified as an azalide due to its 15-membered aglycone ring (1). The latter two compounds are the newest agents in the macrolide class licensed for use in Canada. Roxithromycin and dirithromycin are available in other countries.These compounds are clinically active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative cocci, and Gram-negative bacilli (primarily Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella species, Moraxella catarrhalis, Campylobacter jejuni, Bordatella pertussis and Helicobacter pylori). Azalides such as azithromycin have exhibited superior activity against Gram-negative pathogens and are generally less active against Gram-positive pathogens. Intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia species, Mycoplasma species, Ureaplasma species, Borrelia species and nontuberculous mycobacteria species show varying susceptibilities. On the basis of their microbial activity, both the macrolides and azalides have been shown to be clinically useful in the treatment of uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections, upper and lower respiratory tract infections, sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infection and peptic ulcer disease. Additionally, the improved pharmacokinetic profiles and acid stability exhibited by the newer agents may lead to enhanced patient adherence through less frequent dosing and improved bioavailability in the presence of food. 相似文献
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Long‐term efficacy of a 0.07% cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinse in relation to plaque and gingivitis: a 6‐month randomized,vehicle‐controlled clinical trial 下载免费PDF全文
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