Endoscopic therapy of the sump syndrome

Seventeen consecutive patients with the sump syndrome were treated at the Middlesex Hospital between November 1983 and December 1987. Fifteen were treated primarily by endoscopic sphincterotomy and two primarily by resective surgery because of coincident severe painful chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic sump clearance was successful in thirteen out of fifteen cases (87%) with no morbidity or mortality. The two endoscopic failures were managed surgically. Follow-up (mean 18 months; range 2-48 months) has shown complete resolution of symptoms in twelve (71%), with mild or moderate ongoing symptoms in the remaining five. All patients with ongoing symptoms after sump clearance had abnormal retrograde pancreatograms at the time of ERCP. Endoscopic sphincterotomy is the treatment of choice for the sump syndrome, with the possible exception of patients with coincident painful severe chronic pancreatitis, who may require pancreatic resection. Indeed, the sump may be a factor in the development and perpetuation of an obstructive chronic pancreatitis, and a trial of endoscopic clearance may be indicated even in these patients. The sump syndrome should no longer be regarded as a major long-term disadvantage of side-to-side biliary bypass, provided that the condition is considered early in those with compatible symptoms after biliary bypass, and appropriate investigation and treatment is instigated.     

体外纯化后和诱导后骨髓间充质干细胞与骨髓单个核细胞移植治疗心肌梗死的效果比较

目的:将骨髓单个核细胞、体外培养纯化后及诱导后的骨髓间充质干细胞注射至大鼠心肌梗死区域,观察移植细胞的增殖及分化情况,分析其对缺血心肌细胞修复重建能力与心功能改善的影响。方法:实验于2005-07/2006-04在安徽省干细胞研究和治疗中心完成。取清洁级健康雄性新西兰白兔40只,按随机数字表法分为4组:骨髓间充质干细胞组、5-杂氮胞苷诱导组、骨髓单个核细胞组、对照组,10只/组。均于左心耳下缘结扎冠状动脉左前降支建立心肌梗死模型,心电图出现S-T段弓背样抬高认为结扎成功。2周后骨髓间充质干细胞组注射第3代自体骨髓间充质干细胞1×106个,5-杂氮胞苷诱导组注射经5-杂氮胞苷诱导24h的第3代自体骨髓间充质干细胞1×106个,骨髓单个核细胞组注射骨髓单个核细胞2.5×107个/400μL,对照组仅注射400μL L-DMEM培养基。分别在术前、移植前、移植后2,4周应用超声心动图评价心脏功能,同时利用心肌声学造影观察缺血区的血流灌注情况。细胞移植后8周采用免疫荧光检测移植细胞在梗死区的生长状况,苏木精-伊红染色于普通显微镜下记数梗死区毛细血管密度。结果:骨髓间充质干细胞组9只、5-杂氮胞苷诱导组9只、骨髓单个核细胞组10只、对照组6只进入结果分析,其余动物因造模死亡未能完成整个实验。①超声心动检查发现术前、细胞移植前4组左室射血分数、左室短轴短缩率组间比较差异不显著;与对照组相比,细胞移植后2,4周骨髓间充质干细胞组和5-杂氮胞苷诱导组左室射血分数、左室短轴短缩率明显升高[对照组:(60.4±5.1)%,(62.4±7.8)%;(28.8±1.4)%,(27.2±5.3)%;骨髓间充质干细胞组:(70.8±4.6)%,(70.4±6.1)%;(33.8±3.4)%,(33.9±3.5)%;5-杂氮胞苷诱导组:(71.7±6.8)%,(70.3±5.8)%;(34.7±5.7)%,(35.5±6.3)%,P<0.05];左室收缩末内径、左室舒张末内径细胞移植组与对照组相比,差异不显著;心肌声学造影见细胞移植后心肌梗死区血流灌注改善明显。②细胞移植术后8周,所有细胞移植组均见Dil阳性移植细胞存活,并表达α横纹肌肌动蛋白和结蛋白。5-杂氮胞苷诱导组Dil阳性细胞出现具有典型横纹和肌小节样结构的心肌样细胞,各细胞移植组毛细血管密度均较对照组明显增多[(38.6±7.6)/mm2,(32.9±5.7)/mm2,(38.5±2.0)/mm2,(21.4±3.9)/mm2,P<0.05],各移植组间差异不显著。结论:①体外纯化培养与经5-杂氮胞苷诱导24h的骨髓间充质干细胞,以及新鲜分离的骨髓单个核细胞自体移植8周后均存活于梗死心肌中,并表达心肌细胞特异性标志α横纹肌肌动蛋白和结蛋白,移植后可明显改善左室收缩功能,增加毛细血管密度,改善局部血流灌注。②5-杂氮胞苷有助于促进骨髓间充质干细胞在体内向心肌细胞的分化成熟。     

TIME principles of chronic wound bed preparation and treatment

Managing chronic wounds has progressed from merely assessing the wound to understanding the underlying cellular abnormalities and associated clinical problems. The concept of wound bed preparation offers a systematic approach to removing barriers to healing such as tissue (non-viable), infection/inflammation, moisture (imbalance) and edge (non-advancing or undermining). The principles of wound bed preparation as outlined in the tissue, infection, moisture, edge (TIME) table are explained in this article, with examples and recommended treatment interventions. The TIME table is recommended for use at the bedside when assessing patients with wounds.     

Growth and development following marrow transplantation for leukemia

One hundred forty-two patients between the ages of 1 and 17 years who survived disease-free more than 1 year after marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancy had growth and development evaluations from one to 14 years posttransplant (median 4 years). Prior to transplant all children received multiagent chemotherapy and 55 also received central nervous system irradiation, but none had growth and development evaluations. Marrow transplant preparation included high-dose chemotherapy and total body irradiation (TBI) given as a single dose of 9.2 to 10.0 Gy (79 patients) or as fractionated doses of 2.0 to 2.25 Gy/d for six to seven days (63 patients). After transplant abnormal thyroid function was present in 39%. Stimulated 11-desoxycortisol levels were subnormal in 24% of patients evaluated. Growth hormone (GH) deficiency was present in 17 of 25 children who received previous cranial irradiation. Partial GH deficiency was present in 4 of 25 who received previous cranial irradiation and in 6 of 18 who had not received cranial irradiation. Height velocity was decreased in all patients. After transplant, height was significantly influenced by chronic graft-v-host disease and single-dose TBI. Sixty-eight percent had delayed development of secondary sexual characteristics. Gonadal failure occurred in nearly all who were postpubertal at transplant. While it is not possible to determine how many of these endocrine abnormalities occurred as a result of treatment administered prior to transplantation, these data do demonstrate that children who become long-term survivors after marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancy have endocrine abnormalities that adversely affect growth and development.     

Collagenous Enterocolitis: A Case of Collagenous Colitis with Involvement of the Small Intestine

A 78-yr-old previously well caucasian female presented with a 6-wk history of profuse watery diarrhea and weight loss. Clinical investigation showed evidence of mild malabsorption. Multiple biopsies of colonic mucosa revealed a wide subepithelial band of collagen typical of collagenous colitis. Duodenal biopsies showed similar collagen deposition and partial villous atrophy. Some amelioration of symptoms occurred with sulfasalazine therapy. This is the first reported case of collagenous colitis with histological evidence of small intestinal involvement. At least in some patients, collagenous colitis and collagenous sprue appear to be manifestations of a single disease. For such cases, the term collagenous enterocolitis is suggested.     

Immunohistochemical localization of membrane and alpha-granule proteins in plastic-embedded mouse bone marrow megakaryocytes and murine megakaryocyte colonies

Using an immunoperoxidase technique that permits optimal antigen localization at the light microscope level, we have detected two platelet alpha-granule constituents and three platelet membrane glycoproteins in mouse bone marrow megakaryocytes and in murine megakaryocyte colonies grown in soft agar culture for three to seven days. Using polyclonal antibodies prepared against human platelet proteins, we have demonstrated labeling for von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, and the membrane glycoproteins IIIa and GMP-140 in both bone marrow megakaryocytes and megakaryocyte colonies after seven days of culture. Using monoclonal antibodies to membrane glycoproteins IIb and GMP-140, we have demonstrated label in mouse bone marrow megakaryocytes. Granulocyte and macrophage colonies were negative for each of these markers. Murine bone marrow megakaryocytes and megakaryocyte colonies demonstrated a similar enzyme histochemical pattern: weakly positive for alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase and negative for chloroacetate esterase. These data indicate that megakaryocytes grown in soft agar culture express many of the same glycoproteins as bone marrow megakaryocytes. Furthermore, the ability of antibodies directed against human platelet membrane glycoproteins to identify murine megakaryocyte glycoproteins indicates that these constituents have been highly conserved during evolution.     

Subgingival microbiota of indigenous Indians of Central America

OBJECTIVE: To define the subgingival microbial profiles of adult subjects from a previously identified rural community of indigenous Indians in Guatemala, Central America. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A full-mouth periodontal examination was performed in 114 adult subjects from 45 families. Plaque samples were collected from both deep and shallow periodontal pockets and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization was employed to identify 17 species previously associated with periodontitis or health. RESULTS: Plaque deposits and gingivitis were universal and widespread, and periodontal pocketing > or =5 mm was highly prevalent (84% of subjects). Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 2 and Fusobacterium nucleatum were significantly more prevalent in shallow sites. At the subject level, Actinomyces naeslundii and Peptostreptococcus micros were significantly more prevalent in periodontally-healthy subjects. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans was not detected in any sample. CONCLUSION: There was no association between periodontal disease status and presence of suspected periodontal pathogens. These latter results conflict somewhat with those from treated populations. However, in this population where extensive plaque deposits and gingivitis are universal, the presence of putative pathogens may be more reflective of the local environment.