Factors Influencing the Sex Ratio at Birth in India: A New Analysis based on Births Occurring between 2005 and 2016

Previous research on sex ratio at birth (SRB) in India has largely relied on macro‐analysis of census data that do not contain the breadth of factors needed to explain patterns in SRB. Additionally, no previous research has examined the differentiation of factors associated with SRB across birth orders, a key determinant in societies affected by son preference. This study aims to fill these gaps using micro‐data related to 553,461 births occurring between 2005 and 2016 collected as part of the 2015–2016 National Family Health Survey. Analyses used multivariable logistic regressions stratified by birth order to examine associations with SRB at the national level. The SRB at birth order 1 was outside the biological normal limit, and generally increased with birth order. First births in households with wealth in the middle and richest quintiles, with mothers who desired a higher ideal number of sons than daughters, and in lower fertility communities had a higher probability of being male. Most SRB correlates were visible at birth orders 3 or higher. Programs and policies designed to address India's male‐skewed SRB must consider the diverse factors that influence SRB, particularly for higher order births.     

Mobile methadone dispensing in Delhi,India: implementation research

ObjectiveTo assess the implementation of a mobile dispensing service to improve opioid users’ access to methadone maintenance therapy.MethodsIn March 2019, we started mobile methadone dispensing in an urban underprivileged locality in Delhi, India. The doctor was available only at the main community drug treatment clinic for clinical services, while the nurse dispensed methadone from a converted ambulance. We involved patients in identifying community leaders for sensitization and in deciding the location and timings for dispensing. We conducted a retrospective chart review of the programme data collected during delivery of clinical services. We compared the numbers of patients registered for methadone therapy and their retention and adherence to therapy in the 12-month periods before and after implementation of the mobile service.FindingsThe number of patients registered for therapy at the clinic increased from 167 in the year before implementation to 671 in the year after. A significantly higher proportion of patients were retained in therapy at 3, 6 and 9 months after enrolment; 9-month retention rates were 19% (32/167 patients) and 45% (44/97 patients) in the year before and after implementation, respectively. There was no significant difference in patients’ adherence to therapy between the two periods. Challenges included providing suitable dispensing hours for patients in employment and concerns of local community near to the dispensing sites.ConclusionIt is feasible to dispense methadone by a mobile team in an urban setting, with better retention rates in therapy compared with dispensing through a stationary clinic.     

Clinical presentation,viral kinetics,and management of human monkeypox cases from New Delhi,India 2022

We describe the clinical and demographic characteristics, virological follow-up, and management of five confirmed monkeypox cases from New Delhi, India without any international travel history. The viral load kinetics and viral clearance were estimated in oropharyngeal swabs (OPS), nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), EDTA blood, serum, urine, and various lesion specimens on every fourth day of follow-up ranging from 5 to 24 post onset day (POD) of illness. All five cases presented with mild to moderate-grade intermittent fever, myalgia, and lesions on the genitals, groins, lower limb, trunk, and upper limb. Four cases had non-tender firm lymphadenopathy. No secondary complications or sexually transmitted infections were recorded in these cases except for the presence of viral hepatitis B infection marker hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in one case. All the cases were mild and had a good recovery. A higher viral load was detected in lesion fluid (POD 9), followed by lesion roof (POD 9), urine (POD 5), lesion base (POD 5), and OPS/NPS (POD 5). The monkeypox virus (MPXV) DNA was detected in clinical samples from 5th to 24th POD. These monkeypox cases without international travel history suggest the underdiagnosed monkeypox infection in the community. This emphasizes the need for active surveillance of MPXV in the high-risk population such as men having sex with men and female sex workers.     

Visual evoked responses in megaloblastic anemia

Pattern shift visual evoked responses (PSVER) were studied in thirty patients suffering from severe megaloblastic anemia (mean Hb level was 4.25 +/- 1.22 g/dL) of nutritional origin. All patients lacked clinical stigmata of visual and neurologic impairment. Mean P100 latency in thirty age and sex matched controls was 96.35 +/- 6.75 ms (range 86-108 ms) and mean amplitude was 10.37 +/- 3.88 microV (range 4.8-20.8 microV). Mean P100 latency in megaloblastic anemia was 114.77 +/- 11.68 (range 91-142) ms, P < 001 vs. control) and mean amplitude was 8.85 +/- 2.8 microV (range 5.1-16.2 microV). Seventy percent cases had prolonged latency of P 100. After correction of anemia with therapeutic doses of vitamin B12 and folic acid in three months (mean Hb level was 12.08 +/- 1.86 g/dL), the mean P100 latency was 105.13 +/- 9.30 ms (range 92-121 ms P < 0.001 vs. controls) and mean amplitude was 10.72 +/- 4.13 microV (range 5.1-21.4 microV). There was significant improvement in P100 latency after correction of anemia (P < 0.01). There was a negative correlation between P100 latency and hemoglobin levels, though it was statistically not significant.     

Antifertility effect of aqueous extract of seeds of Cassia fistula in female rats

Oral administration of aqueous extract of seeds of Cassia fistula to mated female rats from day 1-5 of pregnancy at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight resulted in 57.14% and 71.43% prevention of pregnancy, respectively, whereas 100% pregnancy inhibition was noted at 500 mg/kg bw. In the uterine bioassay test carried out in immature bilaterally ovariectomized female rats, aqueous extract of seeds of Cassia fistula (100 mg/kg bw) increased the uterine wet weight (p<0.05) and luminal epithelial cell height (p<0.001) but did not induce premature opening of the vagina. This suggests a mild estrogenic activity of the extract. However, when the extract was administered conjointly with estradiol valerate (EDV, 0.1 mg/kg bw), it significantly (p<0.001) prevented the estrogen-induced uterotrophic effect, thus showing an antiestrogenic nature of the extract in the presence of a strong estrogen.     

Semen sponge for post-vasectomy confirmation of sterilization

Due to various factors--shyness, failure of patients to return for follow-up, poor postal services--few sperm counts are conducted following vasectomies in India to assess the success of the operation. A semen sponge technique has been developed which overcomes most previous difficulties and objections. At the time of vasectomy, the patient is given a stamped envelope with a sponge piece. The patient is instructed to smear the sponge with a little semen after 12 ejaculations or after 3 months, to let the sponge dry, and then to mail it back to the health center. Laboratory procedures on the sponge at the health center are explained. If evidence of sperm are found, the patient is advised to continue use of contraception until a negative sponge is obtained. A comparative study was done using different blotting materials. Sponges were found to be the best material. Results from the dried sponges were found consistent with direct semen examination. The method has been found to be reliable and convenient.