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71.
Reliability of a Store Observation Tool in Measuring Availability of Alcohol and Selected Foods 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Deborah A. Cohen Diane Schoeff Thomas A. Farley Ricky Bluthenthal Richard Scribner Adrian Overton 《Journal of urban health》2007,84(6):807-813
Alcohol and food items can compromise or contribute to health, depending on the quantity and frequency with which they are
consumed. How much people consume may be influenced by product availability and promotion in local retail stores. We developed
and tested an observational tool to objectively measure in-store availability and promotion of alcoholic beverages and selected
food items that have an impact on health. Trained observers visited 51 alcohol outlets in Los Angeles and southeastern Louisiana.
Using a standardized instrument, two independent observations were conducted documenting the type of outlet, the availability
and shelf space for alcoholic beverages and selected food items, the purchase price of standard brands, the placement of beer
and malt liquor, and the amount of in-store alcohol advertising. Reliability of the instrument was excellent for measures
of item availability, shelf space, and placement of malt liquor. Reliability was lower for alcohol advertising, beer placement,
and items that measured the “least price” of apples and oranges. The average kappa was 0.87 for categorical items and the
average intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.83 for continuous items. Overall, systematic observation of the availability
and promotion of alcoholic beverages and food items was feasible, acceptable, and reliable. Measurement tools such as the
one we evaluated should be useful in studies of the impact of availability of food and beverages on consumption and on health
outcomes. 相似文献
72.
J P Ryckelynck M Vergnaud B Hurault de Ligny G Allouche B Malbruny C Morel 《Pathologie-biologie》1986,34(5):328-331
Peritonitis is the most frequent complication in patients under continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Intraperitoneal administration of ceftazidime in a dose of 125 mg per liter dialysate achieved serum concentrations higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations of most organisms in spite of low peritoneal clearance. Serum concentration was stable up to the 120th hour. Dialysate osmolarity had no influence on serum concentration, peritoneal absorption or clearance of ceftazidime. Peritoneal inflammation did not cause changes in ceftazidime pharmacokinetics. Ceftazidime used alone as the first choice treatment was successful in 85%, of cases. 相似文献
73.
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75.
Schools of public health have been cautioned about producing graduates and research that were disconnected from public interest. Although institutions may implement a variety of strategies to rectify the situation, institutional structural and cultural barriers impede progress. Public health practice coordinators in accredited schools of public health were surveyed to describe the presence of structural and cultural barriers to academic public health practice using the Stevens model. Administrative leadership and faculty reward systems are described as critical to advance academic public health practice. 相似文献
76.
Roger L. Novack Einar Stefánsson Diane L. Hatchell 《Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie》1990,228(1):128-133
The effects of acute intraocular pressure (IOP) on the reduction/oxidation ratio of cytochromea,a
3 were measured from intact cat optic nerve by microfiber reflection spectrophotometry. This enabled the real-time analysis
of optic nerve-head oxidative metabolism following IOP or mean arterial pressure (MAP) changes. Findings included: (1) cytochromea,a
3 became more reduced and relative blood volume decreased at lower perfusion pressures, even at IOP of <20 mm Hg; (2) metabolic
inhibition began at variable perfusion pressures but invariably progressed as perfusion pressure declined; and (3) increased
IOP or decreased MAP caused metabolic inhibition. These findings demonstrate that: (1) optic nerve metabolic dysfunction is
possible at low IOPs; (2) lowering IOP can reverse metabolic dysfunction; (3) the metabolic response is dependent on IOP and/or
MAP changes; and (4) the metabolic inhibition is related to optic nerve ischemia.
Presented at the 8th International Congress of Eye Research-Symposium on Retinal Oxygenation, San Francisco, September 1988 相似文献
77.
Mary Agnes Kendra Ph.D. R.N. C.N.S. Aloise Weiker B.S.N. R.N. Susan Simon B.S.N. M.A. Abigail Grant M.S.W. LISW Diane Shullick B.S.N. R.N. 《Public health nursing (Boston, Mass.)》1996,13(2):83-89
Abstract Factors influencing the remarkable growth of home health care include increased elderly population, decreased average length of hospital stay, and technological advancements that reduce the need for hospitalization. Societal changes have prompted increasing concern about personal risk to home care providers. The purpose of this pilot study was to: 1) ascertain factors related to perception of risk by home health care administrators and staff and to identify strategies used by home health care administrators to reduce risk to staff; and 2) determine whether quality of care is affected when home-visit situations present risk. A convenience sample of 36 home health care administrators and 62 staff was surveyed about risks and measures provided by the home health care agency to minimize risk. Factors associated with risk are geographic location, high incidence of crime, inappropriate patient or caregiver behavior, infectious diseases, and evening assignments. Strategies used to minimize risk include safety programs, preplanning of visits, personal protective equipment, escorts, and buddy systems. Perceived ability to refuse high-risk assignments, however, is questionable, as 66% of the staff stated that they leave a situation "as soon as possible." These findings will be used to strengthen inservice programs and to provide a basis for future studies. 相似文献
78.
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80.
Diane M. Sixsmith 《Journal of healthcare risk management》2005,25(2):15-18
Aortic dissection is a catastrophic illness that is a significant source of liability for hospitals if diagnosis and treatment are not done promptly. The diagnosis is often difficult to make because not all dissections have the typical presentation of sudden severe chest pain radiating to the back. Symptoms often include abdominal pain, flu‐like complaints, vomiting and diarrhea, low back pain, stroke syndromes and syncope. Patients at risk include those with Marfan syndrome and other connective tissue diseases, familial aortic disease, age and hypertension. Aortic dissection is a different clinical entity than abdominal aortic aneurysm. Strategies to reduce risk and improve outcome include staff education on various presentations and risk factors, rapid availability of diagnostic testing modalities such as chest CT scan or transesophageal echocardiogram, and protocols to ensure prompt transfer for cardiothoracic surgery. 相似文献