特殊室间隔缺损的外科经胸封堵治疗

目的探讨特殊室间隔缺损（ventricular septal defect,VSD）经胸封堵治疗的安全性和手术效果。方法 2010年2~11月,应用外科经胸封堵治疗6例特殊VSD,包括2例不接受锯胸骨和X线辐射的先天性VSD（A组）,3例内科介入封堵失败的先天性VSD（B组）,1例急性心肌梗死室间隔穿孔形成的后天性VSD（C组）。经胸骨下段小切口不锯胸骨（A组）或锯部分胸骨（B组）或正中大切口（C组）行外科经胸封堵术。于右心室表面选择适当的穿刺点,在食道超声实时引导下,用输送鞘将封堵伞送入封堵VSD。术后密切随访病情变化,定期复查超声心动图、心电图和胸部X线片。结果 6例全部封堵成功,无死亡。5例采用对称封堵伞,1例因VSD上缘距主动脉瓣较近采用非对称的偏心封堵伞。4例术后即刻和3个月及9个月复查超声心动图均无分流和其他异常;1例术后即刻复查有3 mm分流,1例术后即刻复查有5 mm分流、3个月复查仍有3 mm分流,仍在随访中。无新发的主动脉瓣和三尖瓣反流、完全性房室传导阻滞、左或右室流出道狭窄,无溶血或血栓形成,无封堵伞移位。结论外科经胸封堵VSD是一种简单有效而又安全的治疗方法,尤其对于一些特殊的VSD病例不失为一种良好的选择。     

钢丝内固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折

目的:应用钢丝通过钻孔牵拉内固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折,评价疗效。方法:2003年1月至2009年6月,28例膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折患者,男19例,女9例;年龄16～55岁,平均35.3岁。X线检查示骨折移位:Ⅱ度10例,Ⅲ度18例。采用膝关节后内侧倒"L"形入路切开复位,以钢丝内固定治疗,术后可调节支具固定,术后2周在CPM辅助下膝关节被动伸屈训练,4周在支具保护下下地部分负重,术后6周拆除支具。结果:25例患者获随访,时间6～24个月,平均15个月。X线片示骨折复位满意,所有患者获得骨性愈合,膝关节稳定,Lachman试验阴性,未发生骨折不愈合和关节僵硬等并发症。伸膝活动度正常,屈膝活动度(136±12)°。采用Lysholm膝关节评分法评估,术前(41.80±6.16)分,术后6个月(94.10±8.26)分,术前术后比较,差异有统计学意义(t=26.667,P<0.01)。术后评定优22例,良2例,可1例。结论:应用膝后内侧倒"L"形入路以钢丝内固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折具有安全有效、内固定可靠、费用少等优点,可有效重建膝关节的稳定,恢复膝关节功能,是治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折较理想的选择。     

Use of tumescent mastectomy technique as a risk factor for native breast skin flap necrosis following immediate breast reconstruction

Background

Native breast skin flap necrosis is a complication that can result from ischemic injury following mastectomy and can compromise immediate breast reconstruction. The tumescent mastectomy technique has been advocated as a method of allowing sharp dissection with decreased blood loss and perioperative analgesia. This study was performed to determine whether the technique increases the risk for skin flap necrosis in an immediate breast reconstruction setting.

Methods

Three hundred eighty consecutive mastectomies with immediate reconstruction over a 6-year period were reviewed and divided into 2 cohorts for comparison: 100 tumescent and 280 nontumescent mastectomy cases. The incidence of minor and major skin flap necrosis was evaluated.

Results

The use of tumescent mastectomy (odds ratio [OR], 3.93; P < .001), prior radiation (OR, 3.19; P = .011), patient age (OR, 1.59; P = .006), and body mass index (OR, 1.11; P = .004) were significant risk factors for developing postoperative major native skin flap necrosis.

Conclusions

The use of the tumescent mastectomy technique appears to be associated with a substantial increase in the risk for postoperative major skin flap necrosis in an immediate breast reconstruction setting.     

Distribution and intrinsic membrane properties of basal forebrain GABAergic and parvalbumin neurons in the mouse

The basal forebrain (BF) strongly regulates cortical activation, sleep homeostasis, and attention. Many BF neurons involved in these processes are GABAergic, including a subpopulation of projection neurons containing the calcium‐binding protein, parvalbumin (PV). However, technical difficulties in identification have prevented a precise mapping of the distribution of GABAergic and GABA/PV+ neurons in the mouse or a determination of their intrinsic membrane properties. Here we used mice expressing fluorescent proteins in GABAergic (GAD67‐GFP knock‐in mice) or PV+ neurons (PV‐Tomato mice) to study these neurons. Immunohistochemical staining for GABA in GAD67‐GFP mice confirmed that GFP selectively labeled BF GABAergic neurons. GFP+ neurons and fibers were distributed throughout the BF, with the highest density in the magnocellular preoptic area (MCPO). Immunohistochemistry for PV indicated that the majority of PV+ neurons in the BF were large (>20 μm) or medium‐sized (15–20 μm) GFP+ neurons. Most medium and large‐sized BF GFP+ neurons, including those retrogradely labeled from the neocortex, were fast‐firing and spontaneously active in vitro. They exhibited prominent hyperpolarization‐activated inward currents and subthreshold “spikelets,” suggestive of electrical coupling. PV+ neurons recorded in PV‐Tomato mice had similar properties but had significantly narrower action potentials and a higher maximal firing frequency. Another population of smaller GFP+ neurons had properties similar to striatal projection neurons. The fast firing and electrical coupling of BF GABA/PV+ neurons, together with their projections to cortical interneurons and the thalamic reticular nucleus, suggest a strong and synchronous control of the neocortical fast rhythms typical of wakefulness and REM sleep. J. Comp. Neurol., 521:1225–1250, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Convergence of techniques for the evaluation of discrepant data.

The problem of evaluating discrepant data has been addressed by several authors over the previous 20 yr. More recently some attention has been given to the use of the median, which is expected to have better statistical 'robustness'. The various evaluation techniques should converge towards the 'true' value as the number of data in a data set increases, and the 'robustness' of each evaluation technique can then be tested by the rate at which that technique converges. Several evaluation techniques have been applied to discrepant data sets, and the results are shown to converge as the size of the data set grows. The discrepant data sets used as examples are the measured half-lives of 90Sr and 137Cs. Differences in the behaviour of the evaluation techniques are discussed, as applied to these data sets. The half-lives deduced from this study are: 90Sr 10,551+/-14 days; 137Cs 10,981+/-11 days.     

质子脂肪抑制序列在四肢隐性骨折中的诊断价值

目的探讨质子脂肪抑制序列(PDFASAT)在四肢隐性骨折中的诊断价值。方法31例四肢关节外伤患者在伤后45d内均行X线平片及多序列高场强(1．5T)MR检查，检查序列包括快速SE T1WI、T2WI，PDF ASAT等。受伤部位为膝关节21例，髋关节6例，肘关节1例，肩关节2例，踝关节1例。结果31例X线平片均未见明显骨折征象。MR检查发现：21例(21／31)膝关节受伤病例中腓骨近端隐性骨折10例，胫骨近端4例，股骨髁7例；6例(6／31)髋关节受伤病例中粗隆问隐性骨折2例，股骨颈隐性骨折2例，髋臼隐性骨折2例；1例(1／31)肘关节受伤病例显示肱骨远端隐性骨折；2例(2／31)肩关节受伤病例显示肱骨近端隐性骨折；1例(1／31)踝关节受伤病例显示腓骨远端隐性骨折；MR信号主要表现为T1WI、T1WI呈细线状、条带状低信号影，PDFASAT呈更清晰锐利的细线状、条带状高信号影，PDFASAT序列更易认识辨别。结论MRI能发现早期至慢性期隐性骨折的存在，如临床强烈提示骨折可能而X线检查阴性者，MR检查的PDFASAT序列是明确诊断的最佳序列。     

硫酸镁治疗婴幼儿肺炎并心力衰竭及中毒性脑病的疗效

目的探讨硫酸镁对婴幼儿肺炎合并心力衰竭及中毒性脑病的临床疗效。方法 74例肺炎合并心力衰竭及中毒性脑病患儿随机分为治疗组44例,对照组30例,观察2组患儿治疗后控制惊厥、呼吸转规则、神志恢复所需时间以及2组患儿痊愈率及后遗症发生率等。结果治疗组患儿心衰纠正、惊厥控制、呼吸转规则、神志恢复时间均较对照组缩短,2组相比差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。结论硫酸镁对小儿肺炎合并心力衰竭及中毒性脑病疗效可靠,且安全简便。     

胆囊收缩素对自体胰腺移植犬Oddi括约肌功能的影响

目的研究胆囊收缩素对胰腺移植后移植物Oddi括约肌功能的影响。方法对正常犬和膀胱引流式胰腺移植后犬应用胆囊收缩素前后进行Oddi括约肌测压。结果与正常犬相比 ,应用胆囊收缩素后Oddi括约肌的基础压、收缩频率、收缩幅度和动力指数显著降低 ,分别为 (1 8 5±2 8)mmHg与 (1 0 2± 2 2 )mmHg(P <0 0 1 )、(9 7± 1 5 )次 /min与 (5 0± 1 2 )次 /min (P <0 0 1 )、(4 7± 6 )mmHg与 (1 9± 5 )mmHg(P <0 0 1 )、(2 36± 5 6 )与 (5 0± 1 7) (P <0 0 1 )。移植物Od di括约肌基础压和收缩频率分别升高为 (2 7 8± 2 8)mmHg和 (1 3 1± 1 9)次 /min ,收缩幅度降低为(8± 2 )mmHg。移植犬应用胆囊收缩素后 ,基础压、收缩频率和动力指数分别升高为 (35 5± 5 1 )mmHg ,(1 8 9± 1 9)次 /min和 (5 1 5± 4 2 ) ,与用药前相比 ,P均 <0 0 1。 结论胆囊收缩素可抑制正常犬的Oddi括约肌运动 ,但对移植胰腺的Oddi括约肌起激动作用     

左旋精氨酸对糖尿病大鼠烧伤创面血管形成的影响

目的　观察左旋 (L)精氨酸对糖尿病大鼠烧伤创面修复过程中血管形成的影响。 方法雄性SD大鼠 ,设烫伤对照 (A)组、糖尿病烫伤 (B)组、甘氨酸对照 (C)组和L 精氨酸干预 (D)组 ,每组各 2 5只。B、C、D组大鼠通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素 (STZ)建立糖尿病模型 ,C、D组分别管饲甘氨酸和L 精氨酸 2 0 0mg·kg-1·d-1。8周后取各组大鼠 (每组 5只 )背部皮肤组织测定糖含量。之后各组大鼠给予 2 0 %TBSA深Ⅱ度烫伤 ,于伤后 3、7、14、2 1d测量创面面积 ,计算创面愈合率 ;采用CD34免疫组织化学染色计算微血管密度 (MVD);检测创面组织释放一氧化氮 (NO)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和转化生长因子 (TGF)β1含量。　结果　与B组相比 ,D组大鼠创面愈合率从伤后第 7天起显著增加为 [( 4 4.10± 3.5 0 ) % ,P <0 0 5 ],创面MVD值在伤后各时相点均显著增加 ( P <0 0 5 ),创面组织中释放NO、VEGF和TGF β1量增加 ,皮肤组织糖含量降低为 ( 1.380± 0 .12 0 )mg/g。　 结论L 精氨酸可通过增加NO、VEGF和TGF β1的合成与释放 ,降低皮肤组织糖含量 ,增加糖尿病大鼠烧伤创面的血管形成 ,并促进创面愈合