Hepatitis prevalence in trauma patients

The risks of viral transmission from trauma patients is a continuing concern to those involved in their care. However, the prevalence of hepatitis (HPT) in trauma patients is poorly described. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of HPT in trauma patients admitted to an urban trauma center. Two hundred sixty-four consecutive admissions to an urban Level I trauma center underwent serologic screening for HPT. Risk factors were assessed by direct patient questioning. Serologic evidence of HPT B was found in 19.7 per cent of patients. Intravenous (IV) drug abusers represented eight per cent of the study population; this group had a 67 per cent rate of seropositivity. Hepatitis A was not found in any patient. Antigenemia was found in 1.9 per cent of patients. It is concluded that HPT B seropositivity is common in trauma patients. IV drug abusers have particularly high prevalence of HPT. This high prevalence rate of HPT B serology poses a significant risk to those involved with the care of trauma patients. The authors suggest that specific protocols to avoid the transmission of viral disease should be mandatory in urban trauma centers.     

Sciatic nerve entrapment in a child. Case report

A child was brought for evaluation of signs of unilateral chronic progressive sciatic nerve dysfunction found to be due to nerve entrapment in the thigh by a fibrovascular band. Sectioning of the band was followed by marked improvement in the nerve function. Compression by a band is a rare but treatable cause of sciatic neuropathy.     

COMPARISON OF REFLEX MODIFICATION PROCEDURES AND AUDITORY BRAINSTEM RESPONSE IN HIGH-RISK NEONATES

This study compared the results of reflex modification (RM)--an objective technique for assessing brainstem sensorineural processing--with those of auditory brainstem response (ABR) for a group of high-risk infants at comparable postconceptional ages. For the RM procedure, an eyeblink-eliciting tap to the glabella was presented either alone or accompanied by a brief 90dB SPL tone. 37 high-risk infants were tested with both RM and ABR at a mean postconceptional age of 37.3 weeks. Seven had an increased brainstem conduction time ('failed ABR') and eight did not exhibit significant reflex augmentation ('failed RM'), seven of whom also failed the ABR. These data provide evidence that sensory stimuli which affect the neural mechanisms responsible for the organization of the startle response and auditory processing share essential neural components.     

Reproductive Function in Epilepsy

Summary: : The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is a complex system within which both positive and negative feedback occur among its elements and higher brain systems. The occurrence of seizures and changes in the secretion of pituitary hormones can affect the feedback loop. Both seizures and antiepileptic drugs can affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of males and females and cause changes in hormones and sexuality. Reproductive dysfunction has a social impact because of reduced fertility. Once conception occurs, live birth rates are not diminished. Prospective studies of men and women with epilepsy are needed.     

Congestive gastropathy

15 patients with congestive gastropathy were reported including clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease. Every patient had alcoholic liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. 6 patient's stomach was resected while in 2 further cases the disease was found at autopsy. In additional 7 cases the characteristic microvascular changes were observed in endoscopic biopsy specimens from the gastric mucosa. The authors presume that this disease has an acute and a chronic stage. In the acute stage dilated capillaries are present under the surface, not related to the inflammation of gastric mucosa. This phenomenon was described in the literature. In the chronic stage there are dilated and tortuous vessels in the submucosal layer surrounded by collagenous connective tissue. The authors suppose that the thick and fibrotic submucosal layer causes microcirculatory disturbances in the gastric mucosa. The impaired microcirculation may cause extensive ulcers with profuse and sometimes lethal bleeding.     

Poisoning with oxybutynin.

A case of poisoning with 100 mg of oxybutynin in a 34-year-old female is reported. The main features were anticholinergic effects, including stupor, followed by disorientation and agitation on awakening, dilated pupils, dry skin and retention of urine. She had a sinus tachycardia which resolved 3 h after admission, and in addition ventricular ectopics and bigeminy which continued for a further 30 h. She recovered fully on symptomatic treatment alone.