Alcohol, education and action: shifting emphases

Over the past 20 years there has not only been a substantialincrease in indicators of alcoholrelated harm, but also an increasein professional and public awareness of alcohol problems andthe need to prevent them. Sadly, however, much of this awarenessof the need for prevention has resulted in little more thanrather desultory calls for more education. From my ‘pointof view’ it is time to shift further some of the emphasesin the debate aboust alcohol, education and action.     

未破裂脑动脉瘤的治疗选择

未破裂脑动脉瘤的处理存在争议。由于其自然史尚未完全明确,因此最佳的治疗策略也不清楚。目前对未破裂脑动脉瘤处理的共识包括观察、显微手术夹闭和血管内治疗。用于随访已知未破裂脑动脉瘤的方法学也有争议,可能取决于经治医生的偏好。大多数动脉瘤由神经外科医师和介入神经放射科医师处理,但未破裂动脉瘤通常是由神经科医师在对患者进行其他神经系统疾病的筛查时首先发现的。因此,关于何时对患者进行筛查和如何对未破裂动脉瘤采取最佳处理的知识将对其日常医疗实践有直接的影响。未破裂动脉瘤经常导致包括缺血事件、癫和头痛在内的其他神经系统症状,这些症状可能促进更积极的干预治疗。由于缺乏设计完善真正基于人群的研究或随机试验,因此目前的最佳处理必须以现有文献和每例患者当时的具体情况为根据。     

Axillary vein thrombosis: a rare complication following creation of arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis

Thrombosis of the axillary vein occurred in two patients following creation of an arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. The thrombosis developed before the fistula was used for dialysis, and was demonstrated by venography. Treatment in both cases involved anticoagulant therapy and ligation of the fistula; both patients experienced relief of pain and swelling, although the collateral venous congestion remained unchanged. This complication of arteriovenous fistula creation has not been previously described, probably because thrombosis does not usually occur in a high venous flow state.     

Prospective study of bacterial and viral contamination of exercise equipment.

OBJECTIVE: Transmission of bacterial and viral pathogens is known to occur by hand contact with fomites. Exercise equipment in public facilities may serve as such fomites. It is not known whether equipment disinfection might reduce microorganism colonization. We performed studies to address these issues. DESIGN: Observational study of bacterial and viral culture results from hand-contact surfaces of exercise equipment, pre-exercise and postexercise; prospective study of viral culture results before and after intervention with disinfection solution. SETTING: Two fitness centers in a military community. INTERVENTION: One week trial of twice-a-day equipment disinfection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Type and number of bacteria and type of viruses present on equipment before and after exercise; prevalence of viral culture positivity on equipment before and after intervention. RESULTS: Bacterial cultures of body contact surfaces on equipment revealed benign bacterial species (coagulase-negative staphylococci, diphtheroids, and so forth) but no pathogenic bacteria whether obtained pre-exercise or postexercise, or whether from aerobic versus weight training equipment. Viral cultures revealed the presence of viruses (generally rhinoviruses) on 63 of 100 (63%) hand-contact surfaces of equipment. Weight equipment was significantly more often contaminated than aerobic equipment (73% vs. 51%; P = 0.026). Disinfection of equipment did not lower the prevalence of virus isolation (48% positive before cleaning; 86% positive after cleaning). CONCLUSIONS: There is little risk of exposure to pathogenic bacteria on exercise equipment. Such equipment may commonly serve as fomites for the transmission of viruses. These data do not suggest that disinfection of exercise equipment will offer significant protective effects against virus exposure.