污泥焚烧灰渣中重金属的检测和毒性分析

采用ICP-OES和原子荧光光度计分析了污泥及其焚烧灰渣中重金属的种类和浓度,并对灰渣中重金属的浸出毒性进行分析。结果表明污泥焚烧灰渣中重金属种类多、浓度高,可依据不同重金属的挥发性大小将污泥中重金属划分为极易挥发重金属、易挥发重金属、中等挥发重金属和难挥发重金属四大类,实际污染控制中应重点关注重金属Hg、As、Cd、Pb四种重金属的控制;同时,毒性浸出实验结果表明污泥焚烧之后灰渣中重金属稳定性得到极大提高,可直接进行填埋处理,但做建材使用时仍存在很大的浸出风险。     

Bacteria detected after instrumentation surgery for pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis in a canine model

Objective

This study was designed to identify the presence, type and origin of bacteria adjacent to the metal implant in the infected region in a canine model of pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis treated with single-stage anterior autogenous bone grafting and instrumentation.

Methods

Dogs with pyogenic spondylodiscitis underwent one-stage debridement, autogenous bone grafting and titanium plate instrumentation and perioperative antibiotic therapy. The implants and adjacent vertebral bones were removed surgically at various postoperative time points (4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks) for bacteria detection. Bacteria were detected from retrieved spinal implants as well as surrounding bones by culture and/or pyrosequencing methods in 17 (85 %) of all 20 animals. The positive rate for bacteria presence was 45 % by culture and 80 % by pyrosequencing method.

Results

Radiological or macroscopic examination showed no signs for infection recurrence in any animal regardless of bacteria presence at the surgical site. However, organism identical with the causative bacterium for spinal infection was found in only two of nine culture-positive animals.

Conclusion

Within the confines of the study, the use of metallic implants in an infected area did not lead to a clinically relevant infection although bacteria may exist at the surgical site. The use of metallic implants in an infected area of the spine is safe. The metallic implants may not be the “culprit” for the persistence or recurrence of infection.     

Removal of forearm plate leads to a high risk of refracture: decision regarding implant removal after fixation of the forearm and analysis of risk factors of refracture

Introduction

Plate fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of forearm fractures at present, and whether or not to remove the implant after bone union remains controversial. This study demonstrated some cases of refracture in adult forearm fractures after bone union and discussed the risk factors for decision-making regarding implant removal.

Methods

We reviewed patients with forearm diaphyseal fractures (including the radius, ulna, or both bones) who received open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) from January 2008 to May 2011 in our institute. Fracture type was classified according to the AO/OTA system. All patients were fixed with a 3.5-mm dynamic compression plate. The patients were divided into two main groups: group A received implant removal after bone union, and group B retained the implant.

Results

There were 122 patients (170 bones) included in this study (40 females and 82 males). In group A, 7/51 patients (8/62 bones; 12.9 %) had refracture. As classified by the AO/OTA classification, one patient was classified as type A1, one patient as type A2, two patients as type A3, and three patients as type B3. All patients suffered refracture without high-energy trauma. In group B, the refracture rate was 2.77 %, and all were caused by high-energy trauma. Patients with refracture had a shorter time interval between ORIF and implant removal. The possible risk factors of refracture in this study included a wedge bone defect on plain film, implant removal performed after less than 18 months, and AO/OTA type B fracture.

Conclusion

The incidence of refracture was significantly lower in the group that retained the implant. Routine implant removal after bone union in adult forearm fractures is not recommended due to the higher refracture rate.     

Mutation analysis of Crouzon syndrome in Taiwanese patients

Crouzon syndrome is an autosomal-dominant disorder that causes premature fusion of the cranial suture. Crouzon, Pfeiffer, and Apert syndromes are caused by mutations in the extracellular, third immunoglobulin-like domain, and adjacent linker regions (exons IIIa and IIIc) of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene. We screened 12 Crouzon syndrome patients for mutations in exons IIIa and IIIc of the FGFR2 gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. Mutations were detected in nine of 12 patients at amino acid positions 278, 281, 289, 342, and 354. More than half of the studied Crouzon patients carried a mutation resulting in either the loss or gain of a cysteine residue. A novel missense Ser354Phe substitution at exon IIIc of the human FGFR2 gene was found. According to our results, sequencing analysis of IgIII domain of the FGFR2 gene can lead to a genetic diagnosis of Crouzon syndrome.     

29例肾病病人医院感染因素分析及护理对策

目的 :了解肾病住院病人发生医院内感染的特点和危险因素 ,制订有效监控措施和护理对策。方法 :采用回顾性调查方法对 5 96份病历逐一筛查 ,把符合医院感染诊断标准的 2 9份病历 ,用预先设计的统一表格逐份查阅登记。结果 :年龄大于 60岁的住院病人、医院环境、住院时间过长、原发病重、并发症多、抗生素不恰当使用是导致医院内感染的主要因素。结论 :保证病员有良好的环境 ;提高医院医疗护理质量 ,积极治疗原发病 ,预防并发症发生 ;缩短病人住院时间 ;加强基础护理和消毒隔离措施 ;合理使用抗生素是及时防治医院内感染发生的重要手段     

康复治疗缓解晚期癌症患者疼痛症状及对生活质量的影响

目的:观察综合性康复治疗配合肿瘤科常规治疗对晚期癌痛患者的疼痛强度和生活质量的影响。方法:纳入2001-03/2004-12郑州大学第一附属医院肿瘤科住院晚期癌症患者152例,男96,女56例,35～72岁,平均(48±14.7)岁。按随机抽签法分为观察组73例和对照组79例。两组患者均给予肿瘤科常规治疗,患者生命体征稳定。对照组采用WHO推荐世界疼痛学会所提出的“癌性疼痛三级阶梯治疗方案”;观察组联合综合性康复治疗(运动疗法、物理治疗、放松及暗示训练、心理治疗)。按照WHO推荐视觉模拟评分方法评估,采用0～10数字进行镇痛强度分级,完全无痛为0分,难以忍受疼痛为10分;镇痛疗效评定:6～10分为镇痛无效,3～5分为镇痛有效,0～2分为镇痛效果佳;生活质量评估参考国内1990年制定的肿瘤患者生存质量评分草案,由患者对康复治疗或药物治疗镇痛前后的食欲、睡眠、日常生活、精神状态、情绪、与人交往、生活乐趣等进行自我评估(以0～10分表示,0分为无干扰,10分为极度干扰。)。观察两组治疗1个月前后的疼痛强度、生活质量评分的变化和不同治疗的不良反应。结果:参与观察的住院晚期癌症患者152例全部进入结果分析。①治疗后,观察组和对照组患者疼痛评分均明显低于治疗前(2.70±1.91,8.90±1.73,t=3.657,P<0.01;4.60±1.83,9.20±1.50,t=2.132,P<0.05),且观察组显著低于对照组(t=2.631,P<0.01)。②治疗后,观察组患者食欲、睡眠、日常生活、精神状态、情绪、与人交往、生活乐趣评分均明显低于对照组(4.67±1.23,5.86±0.45;4.62±0.73,5.45±1.31;4.92±0.50,5.01±0.67;4.81±0.61,5.70±1.02;4.64±1.26,5.40±0.52;4.61±0.63,5.61±0.47;4.84±1.59,5.50±0.38;t=2.652,2.731,2.807,2.931,2.841,2.874,2.933,P<0.01)。③康复观察组没有明显的不良事件和副反应。三阶梯组有明显的不良反应,如恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留、便秘和呼吸抑制等。结论:综合性康复治疗配合肿瘤科常规治疗,具有较好的有效性、安全性,且不良反应少,能改善晚期癌痛患者的食欲、睡眠、日常生活、精神状态、情绪、与人交往、生活乐趣等生活质量指标。