全文获取类型
收费全文 | 134篇 |
免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
儿科学 | 6篇 |
妇产科学 | 1篇 |
基础医学 | 4篇 |
临床医学 | 17篇 |
内科学 | 8篇 |
皮肤病学 | 33篇 |
外科学 | 3篇 |
预防医学 | 10篇 |
药学 | 53篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 3篇 |
2020年 | 3篇 |
2019年 | 3篇 |
2018年 | 1篇 |
2017年 | 5篇 |
2016年 | 1篇 |
2015年 | 4篇 |
2014年 | 5篇 |
2013年 | 2篇 |
2012年 | 5篇 |
2011年 | 8篇 |
2010年 | 4篇 |
2009年 | 9篇 |
2008年 | 6篇 |
2007年 | 7篇 |
2006年 | 9篇 |
2005年 | 5篇 |
2004年 | 8篇 |
2003年 | 8篇 |
2002年 | 7篇 |
2001年 | 6篇 |
2000年 | 4篇 |
1999年 | 5篇 |
1998年 | 1篇 |
1997年 | 2篇 |
1994年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 4篇 |
1991年 | 1篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有135条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
111.
Oliver W. Ackaert Jeroen Van Smeden Jeroen De Graan Durk Dijkstra Meindert Danhof Joke A. Bouwstra 《Journal of pharmaceutical sciences》2010,99(1):275-285
A characterization and optimization of the in vitro transdermal iontophoretic transport of 5-hydroxy-2-(N,N,-di-n-propylamino)tetralin (5-OH-DPAT) is presented. The utility of acetaminophen as a marker of electroosmotic flow was studied as well. The following parameters of iontophoretic transport of 5-OH-DPAT were examined: drug donor concentration, electroosmotic contribution, influence of co-ions, current density, and composition of the acceptor phase. The steady-state flux (Fluxss) of acetaminophen was linearly correlated with the donor concentration and co-iontophoresis of acetaminophen did not influence the iontophoretic flux of 5-OH-DPAT, indicating that acetaminophen is an excellent marker of electroosmotic flow. Lowering the Na+ concentration from 78 to 10 mM in the donor phase, resulted in a 2.5-fold enhancement of the Fluxss. The Fluxss showed a nonlinear relation with the drug donor concentration and an excellent linear correlation with the current density. Reducing the pH of the acceptor phase from 7.4 to 6.2 resulted in a dramatic decrease of the Fluxss of 5-OH-DPAT, explained by a reduced electroosmotic flow and an increased counter-ion flow. Optimization of the conditions resulted in a maximum Fluxss of 5-OH-DPAT of 1.0 µmol · cm?2 h?1 demonstrating the potential of the iontophoretic delivery of this dopamine agonist for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99:275–285, 2010 相似文献
112.
Janneke Schreuder Thijs T. M. Manders Armin R. W. Elbers Arco N. van der Spek Ruth J. Bouwstra J. Arjan Stegeman Francisca C. Velkers 《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2021,68(1):88-97
In recent years, different subtypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses caused outbreaks in several poultry types worldwide. Early detection of HPAI virus infection is crucial to reduce virus spread. Previously, the use of a mortality ratio threshold to expedite notification of suspicion in layer farms was proposed. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical signs reported in the early stages of HPAI H5N8 and H5N6 outbreaks on chicken and Pekin duck farms between 2014 and 2018 in the Netherlands and compare them with the onset of an increased mortality ratio (MR). Data on daily mortality and clinical signs from nine egg‐producing chicken farms and seven Pekin duck farms infected with HPAI H5N8 (2014 and 2016) and H5N6 (2017–2018) in the Netherlands were analysed. In 12 out of 15 outbreaks for which a MR was available, MR increase preceded or coincided with the first observation of clinical signs by the farmer. In one chicken and two Pekin duck outbreaks, clinical signs were observed prior to MR increase. On all farms, veterinarians observed clinical signs of general disease. Nervous or locomotor signs were reported in all Pekin duck outbreaks, but only in two chicken outbreaks. Other clinical signs were observed less frequently in both chickens and Pekin ducks. Compared to veterinarians, farmers observed and reported clinical signs, especially respiratory and gastrointestinal signs, less frequently. This case series suggests that a MR with a set threshold could be an objective parameter to detect HPAI infection on chicken and Pekin duck farms at an early stage. Observation of clinical signs may provide additional indication for farmers and veterinarians for notifying a clinical suspicion of HPAI infection. Further assessment and validation of a MR threshold in Pekin ducks are important as it could serve as an important tool in HPAI surveillance programs. 相似文献
113.
Akhmad Kharis Nugroho Gailing Li Arne Grossklaus Meindert Danhof Joke A Bouwstra 《Journal of controlled release》2004,96(1):159-167
Iontophoretic transport of rotigotine across human stratum corneum (HSC) was studied in vitro in side by side diffusion cells according to the following protocol: 6 h of passive diffusion, 9 h of iontophoresis followed by 5 h of passive diffusion. A current density of 0.5 mA cm(-2) was applied. The parameters studied were the influence of the rotigotine concentration in donor phase and the influence of the molecular weight of the co-ions. To this end, Na(+) was replaced by tetra ethyl ammonium (TEA(+)) or tetra butyl ammonium (TBA(+)) (both at pH 5 and 6). In addition, the influence of the acceptor phase temperature (32 degrees C versus room temperature), the replacement of HSC by dermatomed human skin (DHS), and the relation between drug transport and current density were examined. The estimated steady-state flux (Flux(ss)) gradually increased with the drug concentration in the donor phase in a linear manner. The flux was also linearly correlated with the applied current density providing a convenient approach to individual dose titration. The use of TEA(+) as co-ion increased the rotigotine iontophoretic flux significantly, while TBA(+) did not. Replacing HSC by DHS reduced the iontophoretic rotigotine transport, while an increase in temperature to 32 degrees C increased the rotigotine flux. The maximum Flux(ss) achieved was around 80 nmol cm(-2) h(-1) indicating that by means of iontophoresis, a therapeutic level of rotigotine might be achieved with a reasonable patch size. 相似文献
114.
Hanna Niehues Lam C. Tsoi Danique A. van der Krieken Patrick A.M. Jansen Merel A.W. Oortveld Diana Rodijk-Olthuis Ivonne M.J.J. van Vlijmen Wiljan J.A.J. Hendriks Richard W. Helder Joke A. Bouwstra Ellen H. van den Bogaard Philip E. Stuart Rajan P. Nair James T. Elder Patrick L.J.M. Zeeuwen Joost Schalkwijk 《The Journal of investigative dermatology》2017,137(11):2380-2388
115.
C O Rentel J A Bouwstra B Naisbett H E Junginger 《International journal of pharmaceutics》1999,186(2):161-167
The feasibility to develop a peroral vaccine delivery system based on non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) was evaluated using BALB/c mice. Ovalbumin was encapsulated in various lyophilized niosome preparations consisting of sucrose esters, cholesterol and dicetyl phosphate. Two different formulations were compared in this study. The specific antibody titres within serum, saliva and intestinal washings were monitored by ELISA on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after intragastric administration. Only encapsulation of ovalbumin into Wasag7 (70% stearate sucrose ester, 30% palmitate sucrose ester (40% mono-, 60% di/tri-ester)) niosomes resulted in a significant increase in antibody titres. Administration of ovalbumin and empty niosomes did not exert a similar effect, neither did administration of any control formulation. In contrast to ovalbumin loaded Wasag7 niosomes, application of the more hydrophilic Wasag15 (30% stearate sucrose ester, 70% palmitate sucrose ester (70% mono-, 30% di/tri-ester)) niosome preparations did not result in an increase in antibody titres. 相似文献
116.
The Effect of Two Azones on the Lateral Lipid Organization of Human Stratum Corneum and Its Permeability 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Purpose. Investigation of the relationship between changes in humanSC lipid organization induced by N-alkyl-azocycloheptane-2-one andSC permeability to the model compound HgCl2.
Methods. Human dermatomed skin was treated with propylene glycol(PG), oleyl-Azone (OAz) or dodecyl-Azone (DAz) in 0.15 M PG.Untreated skin served as control. The lateral lipid organization wasstudied by electron diffraction. Hg was measured on tape-strips by X-raymicroanalysis and in the acceptor phase by atom absorptionspectrometry.
Results. In control and PG treated samples, the lipid packing wasmainly orthorhombic, while a small fraction was hexagonal. In OAz andDAz treated samples, the orthorhombic lipid organization remained,however, the hexagonal packing was recorded less frequently. Theamount of Hg decreased as a function of depth in all SC samples,however, the penetration profile increased significantly upon OAztreatment. The cumulative amount of Hg in the acceptor phase of OAztreated samples also increased significantly compared to control andPG treated samples.
Conclusions. The increased penetration of Hg into OAz treated skincould not be related to an orthorhombic-hexagonal phase transition.Alternatively, phase separation of OAz and/or formation of grainboundaries might affect SC permeability, hereby increasing Hgpenetration. A similar mechanism is proposed for DAz. 相似文献
117.
Grewal BS Naik A Irwin WJ Gooris G de Grauw CJ Gerritsen HG Bouwstra JA 《Pharmaceutical research》2000,17(7):788-795
Purpose. To investigate the transdermal delivery of a modelmacromolecule by passive and iontophoretic means following pretreatment withC12-penetration enhancers and to visualise transport across humanstratum corneum (SC) in real time.
Methods. Transport studies of dextran, labelled with fluorescentCascade Blue® (D-CB; MR = 3 kDa) across human stratum corneum,were conducted during passive and iontophoretic modes of deliveryfollowing pretreatment with either dodecyltrimethylammoniumbromide (DTAB), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or Azone®.Size-exclusion chromatography was used to assess maintenance of dextranstructural integrity throughout experimental lifetime. Two-photonexcitation microscopy was employed to visualise real-time dextran transportduring current application.
Results. The positively charged C12-enhancer DTAB elevated passiveD-CB steady-state flux (Jss) and was the only enhancer to do soabove control during iontophoresis. The negatively charged SDS had theleast effect during both stages. On-line macromolecular transport wasvisualised, indicating both inter- and intra-cellular pathways across SCduring current application. No transport was visible across untreatedSC during passive transport.
Conclusions. Use of a positively charged enhancer may improve Jssof anionic macromolecular penetrants during passive and iontophoreticdelivery. On-line visualisation of iontophoresis across SC was possibleand can provide mechanistic insight into SC transport pathways. 相似文献
118.
119.
Robert Rissmann Marion H. M. Oudshoorn Wim E. Hennink Maria Ponec Joke A. Bouwstra 《Archives of dermatological research》2009,301(8):609-613
To disrupt the barrier function of the skin, different in vivo methods have been established, e.g., by acetone wiping or tape-stripping.
In this study, the acetone-induced barrier disruption of hairless mice was investigated in order to establish a reliable model
to study beneficial, long-term effects on barrier recovery after topical application. For both treatments (i.e., acetone treatment
and tape-stripping) the transepidermal water loss directly after disruption and the subsequent barrier recovery profile were
similar. Histological assessment showed significant lower number of corneocyte layers in acetone-treated and tape-stripped
skin compared to untreated skin, while there was no statistical difference between the two treatments. Lipid analysis of acetone-treated
skin revealed that only small fraction of lipids were extracted consisting of predominantly nonpolar lipids. Importantly,
the ratio of the barrier lipids, i.e., cholesterol, free fatty acids and ceramides, remained similar between control and acetone-treated
skin. This reflects the undisrupted lipid organization, as determined by small-angle X-ray diffraction measurements: the long-periodicity
lamellar phase was still present after acetone treatment. Our results contradict earlier studies which reported no mechanical
stratum corneum removal, a substantial extraction of lipids and disruption in lipid organization. In conclusion, our studies
demonstrate that barrier disruption due to acetone treatment is mainly due to removal of corneocytes. 相似文献
120.
Oudshoorn MH Rissmann R van der Coelen D Hennink WE Ponec M Bouwstra JA 《Experimental dermatology》2009,18(2):178-184
Abstract: The aim of this study was twofold, that is the generation of a reliable model for skin barrier disruption and repair and to evaluate recovery of damaged skin after application of vernix caseosa (VC). VC was selected as its wound healing properties were suggested previously, but never clearly demonstrated. Five different levels of barrier disruption in mice, accomplished by tape-stripping, were evaluated. Disruption models such as moderate, severe #1 and #2 (transepidermal water loss (TEWL) of 31 ± 2, 59 ± 4 and 66 ± 3 g/m2 /h, respectively) showed complete recovery within 72 h. However, not all corneocytes were removed after tape-stripping. Additionally, models such as severe #3 and #4 (TEWL of 73 ± 5 and 79 ± 6 g/m2 /h, respectively) with a more severe disruption were evaluated. After tape-stripping, all corneocytes were removed and the remaining epidermis was intact. However, model #3 still showed complete recovery within 72 h. With model #4, a crust was formed and almost complete recovery (approximately 90%) was obtained within only 8 days. The effect of VC application on recovery of disrupted skin was evaluated with model #3 and #4. Model #3 showed that application of VC predominantly influenced initial recovery and is therefore merely appropriate to study the effect of formulations in the initial recovery period. Topical application of VC on model #4 considerably increased initial and long-term recovery. Moreover, VC application promoted rapid formation of stratum corneum and prevented epidermal thickening. These observations not only confirm the ability of VC to enhance barrier recovery, but also suggest potential use of this treatment clinically. 相似文献