Antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. red flower against antibiotic-resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori and identification of the flower constituents

Utilization of plant resources for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections is one of the appealing approaches as rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains is occurring throughout the world. Ethanol extract and its fractions from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis red flower were assessed for antibacterial and urease inhibitory activities towards forty-three clinical strains and two reference strains of H. pylori. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most potent bacteriostatic activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.2-0.25 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of 1.25-1.5 mg/mL against all test strains, including forty-three strains resistant to one to four antibiotics, azithromycin (MICs, 8-256 µg/mL), erythromycin (MICs, 8-128 µg/mL), levofloxacin (MICs, 8-256 µg/mL), and/or metronidazole (MICs, 8-256 µg/mL). The fraction had similar antibacterial activities toward these test strains suggesting the preparation and the antibiotics do not have a common mechanism of anti-H. pylori activity. The fraction also had stronger effects on biofilm formation, morphological conversion, and urease activity of H. pylori than the other fractions and the ethanol extract. These flower preparations were non-toxic to three human cell lines, and nine compounds were also isolated and identified from the ethyl acetate fraction. In vivo research needs to be conducted to confirm the potential usefulness of H. rosa-sinensis flower and its constituents for effective prevention and treatment of H. pylori disease.     

The Mechanisms of Sudden Gains in Supportive–Expressive Therapy for Depression

Abstract

A sudden gain is a large symptom improvement in one between-session interval. Studies of cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) reported that many more cognitive changes occurred in pregain sessions (sessions immediately preceding sudden gains) than in control sessions. This study investigated sudden gains in supportive–expressive therapy (SE) for depression. Compared with control sessions, in these SE pregain sessions the authors found significantly greater therapist interpretation accuracy, better therapeutic alliance at a trend level, but an almost identical number of cognitive changes. Results from this SE study and past CBT studies suggest that sudden gains in different treatments may be associated with different mechanism factors: cognitive changes in CBT and accurate interpretations and possibly therapeutic alliance in SE.

Zusammenfassung

Die Mechanismen plötzlicher Gewinne in unterstützend-expressiver Therapie bei Depression

Ein plötzlicher Gewinn ist eine Symptomverbesserung in einem Intervall zwischen zwei Sitzungen. In Untersuchungen zu kognitiv-verhaltensmäßiger Therapie (cognitive-behavioral therapy, CBT) wurde berichtet, dass viel mehr kognitive Veränderungen in Sitzungen vor dem Gewinn (Sitzungen, die direkt dem plötzlichen Gewinn vorausgehen) als in Kontrollsitzungen auftreten. Diese Studie untersuchte plötzliche Gewinne in unterstützend-expressiver Therapie (supportive-expressive therapy, SE) bei Depression. Bei Vergleichen mit Kontrollsitzungen fanden die Autoren für Sitzungen vor dem Gewinn eine signifikant größere Interpretationsgenauigkeit der Therapeuten und eine dem Trend nach bessere therapeutische Allianz, aber eine fast identische Anzahl von kognitiven Veränderungen. Die Ergebnisse dieser SE Untersuchung und die früheren CBT Studien legen nahe, dass plötzliche Gewinne in verschiedenen Behandlungen mit verschiedenen Mechanismen verbunden sein könnten: Kognitive Veränderungen bei CBT und genauere Interpretationen und möglicherweise eine größere therapeutische Allianz bei SE.

Résumé

Les mécanismes de gain soudain dans la thérapie supportive–expressive de la dépression

Un gain soudain est une amélioration symptomatique importante au cours d'un intervalle entre deux séances. Des études de thérapie cognitivo-comportementale (CBT) ont montré que beaucoup plus de changements ont lieu dans les séances pré-gains (les séances qui précèdent immédiatement les gains soudains) que dans des séances contrôles. Cette étude a examiné des gains soudains dans la thérapie supportive–expressive (SE) de la dépression. En comparaison avec les séances de contrôle, les auteurs ont trouvé dans ces séances SE pré-gains une précision des interprétations thérapeutiques significativement plus haute, une meilleure alliance thérapeutique au niveau d'une tendance, mais un nombre presque identique de changements cognitifs. Les résultats de cette étude SE et des études de CBT du passé suggèrent que des gains soudains dans des traitements différents peuvent être associés avec des facteurs de mécanisme différents?: des changements cognitifs en CBT et des interprétations précises et peut-être l'alliance thérapeutique en SE.

Resumen

Mecanismos de mejorÍa sÚbita en la terapia de apoyo_expresiva para la depresión

Una ganancia súbita es un síntoma importante de mejoría en un intervalo de 1 sesión. Los estudios de terapia cognitivo-comportamental (CBT) mostraron que ocurrieron muchos más cambios cognitivos en sesiones previas (pregain sessions) (sesines que precedieron en forma inmediata a las ganancias súbitas) que en sesiones de control. Este estudio investigó ganancias súbitas en terapia de spoyo-expresiva (SE) para la depresión. Comparando estas sesiones con las de control, los autores encontraron una mayor exactitud significativamente mayor en las interpretaciones terapéuticas, mejor alianza terapéutica en el nivel de intención (trend level), pero un número casi idéntico de cambios cognitivos. Los resultados de este estudio SE y los estudios pasados de CBT sugieren que las ganancias súbitas en los diferentes tratamientos pueden estar asociadas con diferentes mecanismos: cambios cognitivos en CBT e interpretaciones exactas y posiblemente alianza terapéutica en SE.

Resumo

O mecanismo de ganhos súbitos na terapia de suporte expressivo para a depressão

Um ganho súbito é uma grande melhoria sintomática no intervalo de uma sessão. Estudos de terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) relataram que muitas mais mudanças cognitivas aconteceram em sessões pré-ganhos (sessões que precedem imediatamente ganhos súbitos) do que em sessões controlo. Este estudo investiga os ganhos súbitos na terapia de suporte expressiva (SE) para a depressão. Comparando com sessões controle, nas sessões SE pré-ganho, os autores encontraram significativamente maior exactidão interpretativa pelo terapeuta, melhor aliança terapêutica a nível tendencial, mas um número quase idêntico de mudanças cognitivas. Os resultados deste estudo de SE e estudos de CBT anteriores sugerem que os ganhos súbitos em diferentes tratamentos podem estar associados a diferentes mecanismos e factores: mudanças cognitivas na CBT e interpretações exactas e, possivelmente, a aliança terapêutica na SE.

Sommario

I meccanismi di un progresso improvviso nella terapia SE per la depressione

Un progresso improvviso tra una seduta di intervallo è un sintomo di grande miglioramento. Studi di terapia cognitivo-comportamentale (CBT) segnalano che molti altri cambiamenti si presentano nelle sedute precedenti (ovvero nelle sedute immediatamente prima di un progresso improvviso) piuttosto che nelle sedute di controllo. Questo studio indaga progressi improvvisi nella terapia SE (supportive/expressive therapy) per la depressione. In confronto alle sedute di controllo, in quelle di SE (supportive/expressive therapy) gli autori hanno trovato nelle sedute precedenti accuratezza d'interpretazione del terapista significativamente più grandi , un andamento migliore dell'alleanza terapeutica, ma un numero quasi identico dei cambiamenti cognitivi. I risultati di questo studio della terapia SE e passati studi della CBT suggeriscono che i progressi improvvisi nei differenti trattamenti possono essere associati con fattori differenti: nella CBT con i cambiamenti cognitivi e nella SE nell'accuratezza delle interpretazioni e nell'alleanza terapeutica .

Abstract

     

Pharmacological rescue of Ras signaling,GluA1-dependent synaptic plasticity,and learning deficits in a fragile X model

Fragile X syndrome, caused by the loss of Fmr1 gene function, is the most common form of inherited mental retardation, with no effective treatment. Using a tractable animal model, we investigated mechanisms of action of a few FDA-approved psychoactive drugs that modestly benefit the cognitive performance in fragile X patients. Here we report that compounds activating serotonin (5HT) subtype 2B receptors (5HT_2B-Rs) or dopamine (DA) subtype 1-like receptors (D₁-Rs) and/or those inhibiting 5HT_2A-Rs or D₂-Rs moderately enhance Ras–PI3K/PKB signaling input, GluA1-dependent synaptic plasticity, and learning in Fmr1 knockout mice. Unexpectedly, combinations of these 5HT and DA compounds at low doses synergistically stimulate Ras–PI3K/PKB signal transduction and GluA1-dependent synaptic plasticity and remarkably restore normal learning in Fmr1 knockout mice without causing anxiety-related side effects. These findings suggest that properly dosed and combined FDA-approved psychoactive drugs may effectively treat the cognitive impairment associated with fragile X syndrome.     

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