Estimating the chance of an inadequately immunised child getting pertussis

Before informed advice can be given to parents and health care workers about the need for pertussis immunisation, an estimate of the risk of inadequately immunised children contracting pertussis is needed. The study reported here was conducted because the literature contains no such estimates of risk. Analysis was made of a county's Notification of Disease Reports. Computation was carried out of age-specific annual notification rates of pertussis amongst adequately and inadequately immunised children. It was found that inadequately immunised one-year-old children probably have more than a one in six chance of developing pertussis before age ten.     

Cytokines as an adjuvant to tumor vaccines: Efficacy of local methods of delivery

Background: We examined alternative methods of delivering cytokines as an adjunct for priming lymph node (LN) cells draining sites of vaccine inoculation for the purpose of generating immune cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Methods: Using syngeneic murine tumors we examined the ability of IL-2, IL-4, or GM-CSF delivered locally to a site of tumor inoculum to induce antitumor reactive draining LN cells. Mice were inoculated subcutaneously with tumor cells transduced to secrete cytokine; tumor cells admixed with fibroblasts transduced to secrete cytokine; or intralesional inoculation of cytokine in established tumor to induce sensitized LN cells capable of mediating tumor regression in adoptive transfer. Results: Both IL-4 and GM-CSF cytokines were effective in enhancing the antitumor reactivity of vaccine-primed LN cells compared to IL-2, which was ineffective. The local delivery of GM-CSF by autocrine or paracrine secretion of genetically engineered cells, as well as direct intratumoral delivery was capable of upregulating LN sensitization compared to systemic administration, which did not. Conclusions: The local delivery of GM-CSF as an adjuvant for tumor vaccination can be accomplished by various methods, including direct injection, which avoids the need for gene transfer.     

Involvement of Cerulospinal Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in Fentanyl-induced Muscular Rigidity in the Rat

Background: Investigators in the authors' laboratory previously established the critical participation of the cerulospinal noradrenergic pathway in muscular rigidity elicited by fentanyl. The identification of colocalization of glutamate with tyrosine hydroxylase in most locus ceruleus neurons suggests a role for cerulospinal glutamatergic neurotransmission in fentanyl-induced muscular rigidity. This suggestion and the subtype(s) of glutamate receptors involved were investigated here.

Methods: Electromyographic signals activated by bilateral microinjection of 2.5 micro gram fentanyl into the locus ceruleus were recorded differentially from the left sacrococcygeus dorsi lateralis muscle of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The effect of intrathecal administration at the lower lumbar spinal cord of various N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptor antagonists or agonists on this index of muscular rigidity was studied. Rats were under mechanical ventilation, and intravenous infusion of ketamine (30 mg [center dot] kg sup -1 [center dot] h sup -1) was maintained until 10 min before fentanyl was administered.

Results: Microinjection of fentanyl bilaterally into the locus ceruleus increased the root mean square and decreased the mean power frequency values of electromyographic signals. The efficacy of fentanyl to elicit muscular rigidity in this manner was significantly reduced by previous intrathecal administration of either 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801), D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5), or (+/- (CPP). Intrathecal administration of kainic acid or NMDA also resulted in significant electromyographic activation.     

Systemic necrotizing vasculitis associated with childhood sarcoidosis

Childhood sarcoidosis is a rare disorder with protean manifestations. The case of a child with prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, and systemic necrotizing vasculitis manifesting as fever, rash and skin infarctions, digital pregangrene, and foot drop is reported. This is the first case of systemic necrotizing vasculitis reported in sarcoidosis. The fulminant course of the disease required treatment with intravenous pulsed cyclophosphamide and high doses of corticosteroids. The spectrum of vasculitis in childhood and adult sarcoidosis is reviewed.     

Detection of subclinical ascorbate deficiency in early Parkinson''s disease

From mid-October 1989 to mid-July 1990 all newly admitted residents to Bury Local Authority Residential Homes were comprehensively medically screened. In a series of 100 residents eight had early Parkinson's disease (six of them hitherto undiagnosed). Seven showed evidence of Vitamin C deficiency. Of the seven showing evidence of deficiency, four suffered from early Parkinson's disease. Of the 93 without evidence of Vitamin C deficiency only four had Parkinson's disease. This indicates a significantly higher prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the group with Vitamin C deficiency (P less than 0.001 using Fisher's exact).     

Intravenous Phenylephrine Preconditioning of Cardiac Grafts From Non–Heart-Beating Donors

Background. Hypoxia and warm ischemia produce severe injury to cardiac grafts harvested from non–heart-beating donors. To potentially improve recovery of such grafts, we studied the effects of intravenous phenylephrine preconditioning.Methods. Thirty-seven blood-perfused rabbit hearts were studied. Three groups of non–heart-beating donors underwent intravenous treatment with phenylephrine at 12.5 (n = 8), 25 (n = 7), or 50 μg/kg (n = 7) before initiation of apnea. Non–heart-beating controls (n = 8) received saline vehicle. Hypoxic cardiac arrest occurred after 6 to 12 minutes of apnea, followed by 20 minutes of warm in vivo ischemia. A 45-minute period of ex vivo reperfusion ensued. Nonischemic controls (n = 7) were perfused without antecedent hypoxia or ischemia.Results. Phenylephrine 25 μg/kg significantly delayed the onset of hypoxic cardiac arrest compared with saline controls (9.6 ± 0.5 versus 7.7 ± 0.4 minutes; p = 0.00001), yet improved recovery of left ventricular developed pressure compared with saline controls (57.1 ± 5.3 versus 41.0 ± 3.4 mm Hg; p = 0.04). Phenylephrine 25 μg/kg also yielded a trend toward less myocardial edema than saline vehicle (p = 0.09).Conclusions. Functional recovery of nonbeating cardiac grafts is improved by preconditioning. We provide evidence that the myocardium can be preconditioned with phenylephrine against hypoxic cardiac arrest.(Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:1664–8)     

Test-retest reliability of audio-taped phallometric stimuli with adolescent sexual offenders

Twenty adolescent male sexual offenders were evaluated by penile plethysmography on two separate occasions. Stimuli consisted of 19, two-minute audiotaped cues. Test-retest reliability was demonstrated for 15 of the 19 audiotaped vignettes. The highest correlations were found for those sexual behaviors in which the adolescents had engaged.     

Modified Ultrafiltration Attenuates Dilutional Coagulopathy in Pediatric Open Heart Operations

Background. Extreme hemodilution caused by relatively large prime volumes required for cardiopulmonary bypass in infants causes a dilutional coagulopathy, characterized by low concentrations of fibrinogen and other circulating coagulation factors. Modified ultrafiltration results in hemoconcentration and is associated with decreases in postoperative bleeding and transfusion requirements in children. This study was undertaken to quantify the effect of modified ultrafiltration on concentrations of fibrinogen, plasma proteins, and platelets in infants and small children.

Methods. Twenty patients less than 15 kg were studied. Cardiopulmonary bypass circuits were primed with crystalloid solutions. Red blood cells were added during cardiopulmonary bypass for hematocrits less than 15%. Colloid solutions were not administered. Concentrations of fibrinogen, plasma proteins, and platelets, and hematocrit were measured before cardiopulmonary bypass, before modified ultrafiltration, and after modified ultrafiltration.

Results. Modified ultrafiltration was associated with significant (p < 0.001) increases in hematocrit (19% ± 6% to 31% ± 9%), fibrinogen (65 ± 29 to 101 ± 45 mg/dL), and total plasma proteins (2.7 ± 0.3 to 4.9 ± 0.7 g/dL), but no change (p = 0.129) in platelet count.

Conclusions. We conclude that modified ultrafiltration significantly attenuates the dilutional coagulopathy associated with cardiopulmonary bypass in infants.